THE PECULIARITIES OF B<EED. 



generations, we find their horns grow considerably in that space. 

 The horn of those animals, on the other hand, that are housed and 

 pampered for a few generations, grow smaller and smaller. This 

 experience alone teaches us much in .forming our opinions when we 

 come to discuss the difference between the Longhorn, the Teeswater, 

 and the Shorthorn Durham. But it is in the milk and butter pro- 

 duction of these several animals that we can, with greater certainty, 

 mark the distinction. The Lonehorns were essentially dairy cattle, 

 which those who milked them in Illawarra sixty or seventy *y ears 

 ago, have testified to over ana over again. The Lcnghorned Dur- 

 ham as used by Mr. Charles Throsby, Henry Osborne, and- others 

 of their school, were more of a general-purpose animal. They 

 were cf a strawberry colour, and inclined to have a blazed face. 

 They were also very excellent dairy cattle, as many persons now 

 living can prove. The Shorthorned Durham bred by Collings and 

 Booth were bred essentially for beef purposes, and only those in- 

 dividuals animals of the breed that cry-back to their immediate an- 

 cestors the Longhorned Durham, have ever been worth their keep 

 for dairy use. But both the Durham strains, long and shorthorned. 

 oKve their dairy properties to the old longhorned type of cattle on 

 which Bakewell, of Dishley, built his reputation. 



The Red Lincolns owe their great characteristics to the North 

 Devon breed of cattle, which, in common with the old Teeswater, 

 cattle were remarkable dairy cattle, and gave very rich milk. The 

 leading characteristics of the North Devon b'reed were such as 

 qualified them -for many uses, especiallv as a cross with the improved 

 Teeswater Durham which, in some instances, were much given to 

 casting white calves. The blend answered admirably, and the re- 

 sult was a new breed, which was called the Red Lincoln. They 

 were red in colour, with long hooped yellow horns. In contour 

 they resembled the Longhorned Durham, and were very excellent 

 dairy cattle, a characteristic they inherited to a great extent from 

 Bakewell's Longhorns. There was yet another breed of cattle in 

 England which must be considered also, as being an offshoot of 

 Bakewell's Longhcrns. namelv, the Holderness breed. They were 

 practically the same type as the Longhorned Durham, a breed which 

 f - ey resembled in every respect, except colour. The Holderness 

 \vas dark brown or brimlle on the sides, white on the back, face, and 

 belly. They were also very excellent dairy cattle, as was the 

 Welsh Pembroke breed, which they were like in many points. 



These breeds all derived their dairy quality, as has been stated.- 

 There is no doubt whatever that the chief dairy quality of the old 

 T ;llawarra cattle was laid by Bakewell's Longhorns imported in the 

 first instance by breeders just mentioned. When the writer's father 

 went to the Kangaroo Valley, in 1846. to commence dairying for 

 Mr. Henry Osborne. three-fourths of the herd, comprising some- 

 thing like 200 head, were composed of Durhams and the Long- 

 horne.d breed. When Mr. Duncan Beatson commenced dairying 

 operations at Terry's Meadows -for Mr. John Terry-Hughes, three- 

 fourths cf that herd were of the Longhorned breed. When Mr. 

 Andrew McGill commenced dairying at Hopping Joe's Meadow on 

 his own account, three-fourths of his herd were of the Longhorned 

 breed. These animals were essentially dairy cattle. Every cow 

 would give six gallons of rich milk per day, and milk for ten months 

 in the year without hand-feed of any kind. These cows, with Henry 

 Cs1orne's English imported Longhorned Durham Duke, were the 

 true oriarin of the Illawarra dairy cattle, that could not be surpassed 

 in any part of the world for dairy purposes. They were to be 

 found ten months in everv year in the stock yard of every clear- 

 ing lease man and settler between the mountains and the sea, from 



219. 



