THE SAll'.UXG. 501 



little triangular bone in the roof of tbu mouth known to anatomists ns the " vomer," from its 

 resemblance, in shape to a plow^li.nr. 



The Chars are also distinguished from the Salmon by their very small scales, ami usually by 

 numerous crimson or orange colored spots, which are especially conspicuous in the breeding season. 

 The Saibling is, in its habits, perhaps more similar to the well-known Blue-backed Trout or Oquasrn 

 Trout of Kangely Lake, Maine, than to our Brook Trout. The Chars of Kurope are, as a rule, lake 

 tishes like the Saibling. On the other hand, the Chars of North America are usually found in 

 streams and rivers, although the Oquassa Trout, just mentioned, and the Lake or Mackinaw Trout, 

 which is apparently nothing but a giant Char, together with the closely related form the "Sisco- 

 wef," resemble in their habits the Chars of Kurope. 



VARIATION. There is probably no group of lishes in which individual specimens and commu- 

 nities inhabiting certain areas of water show more tendency to variation in color and form than they 

 do in the salmon family. Dr. Giinther has very justly remarked: "We know of no other group of 

 tishes which otters so many difficulties to the ichthyologist with regard to the distinction of the 

 species as well as to certain points in their life-history. Although this may be partly due to the 

 unusual attention which has been given to their study, it has revealed rather a greater amount of 

 unexplained fact than a satisfactory solution of the questions raised. The almost infinite varia- 

 tions of these tishes are dependent upon the age, sex, and sexual development, food, and the 

 properties of the water." 



No one who has ever sevu the remarkable display of Brook Trout at the annual trout opening 

 at Blackford's in New York can fail to have been impressed by the wonderful d i tie re i ices which 

 exist between individuals of the same species from different localities differences which lead an 

 untrained observer, or even an ichthyologist who has had no experience in the study of this group-, 

 to decide at once that several species were represented among the hundreds of specimens lying OD 

 the marble slabs. 



The tendency of modern ichthyology, with its more exact methods, and with access to 

 better and more comprehensive material for research than was formerly available, has led to the 

 rejection of many of the nominal species formerly recognized. Out of the forty-three species of 

 Salmon ten years ago l>elieved to exist in North America, only thirteen or fourteen are now 

 recognized. In Giinther s catalogue of "The Fishes in the British Museum," published in 18M, 

 thirty-one species of Chars were mentioned, while in his lately published "Study of Fishes" the 

 same author ventures to enumerate only thirteen, all others being regarded as insufficiently 

 characterized. In his treatment of the Chars of Europe, Giinther is, notwithstanding, one of 

 the most conservative writers, for he catalogues eight species of these fish, while most other 

 European students, following the lead of the great German ichthyologist, von Siebold, regarded 

 them as members of one polymorphic species. As for American ichthyologists, our sympathies are 

 naturally with the school of vou Siebold. It is difficult to believe, in the light of our own obser- 

 vations upon the salmon family in America, that every little lake or group of lakes in Europe 

 possesses a well-characterized species of tish, and for the present it seems safer to consider the 

 Chars of Europe to be of a single well-marked species which undergoes numerous variations 

 under the influence of changes in temperature, elevation, fowl, and light, and that the Saibling of 

 Bavaria and Austria is one and the same thing with the "Ombre Chevalier" of France and 

 Switzerland, "Salmarino" of Northern Italy, the "Torgoch" of Wales, the fresh-water "Herring" 

 of Ireland, the "Char" of England and Scotland, the "Roding" of Sweden, and the "Kulmund" 

 of Norway. 



