62 HISTORY AND METHODS OF THE FISHERIES. 



beneath the surface of the water by the great strain on the buoy -line. These buoys, being gen- 

 erally soft-wood kegs, are broken by the pressure of the water when they have been submerged to 

 any considerable depth, and the result is that there being nothing to support the buoy-line, the 

 only means by which the trawl can be recovered, the apparatus is lost. 



The icebergs sweeping down from the north, borne along by the swiftly-running currents, 

 were a source of great danger to the vessels lying at anchor. Huge mountains of ice would often 

 appear suddenly out of a dense fog, so close to the schooners that the startled crews were fre- 

 quently almost compelled to cut their cables to prevent collision. Captain Johnson told me that 

 on one occasion he counted twenty-eight bergs within sight of his vessel, and one of the number 

 lay grounded for nearly a week all the time he remained at anchor not more than a mile distant, 

 in water probably not less than 125 fathoms deep. It is scarcely necessary to say that iu a rough 

 sea one blow from such a monster would crush a fishing schooner as though it were an egg-shell.* 



The fact, however, of halibut having been found in abundance off the eastern, or rather, per- 

 haps, the southeastern side of the Grand Bank, is a matter of more interest than would appear at 

 first glance, since it permits us to form a better idea of the winter habitat of certain schools of this 

 species, and also to judge more intelligently concerning the spring and fall migrations, about which 

 heretofore only indefinite and uncertain ideas could be formed. For several years previous to the 

 discovery of the deep-water fishing grounds it was noticed by the fishermen that during the winter 

 and early spring from about the middle of January to the last of April the schools of halibut 

 met with on the body of the Grand Bank, between 43 30' and 45 north latitude, appeared to come 

 from the east or southeast side of the Bank, and almost invariably moved steadily, but slowly, 

 .across the ground in a westerly or northwesterly direction. A vessel might obtain remarkably 

 good fishing for two or three days, perhaps for a shorter time, but the halibut would suddenly 

 disappear, and none could be taken. It frequently happened that on such occasions a change of 

 position the schooner moving 5 or C miles in the direction which the fish were known to be 

 going might result in the school being overtaken again and the capture of a full fare. In some 

 instances a skipper might be able to "keep run" of the fish for several days, and while they were 

 passing over a distance of 20 to 30 miles, and many statements could be cited of a character to 

 verify this assertion. As it may be a source of wonder to many how any intelligent idea could be 

 formed by the fishermen of the direction in which the halibut were moving, the following explana- 

 tion should be offered. The custom is for the Grand Bank halibut schooners to fish with trawls, 

 each about 2 miles long. As has been explained elsewhere, these are set out from the vessel, from 

 which as a center they radiate in the form of a star. A school of halibut approaching from the east 

 would first be caught in great abundance on the lines set in that direction, while the trawls on the 

 west side of the vessel would get comparatively few fish. On the next set the catch might be 

 pretty equally divided, while succeeding hauls would show that the fish had moved so far that 

 only the "tail end" of the school could be reached by the farthest ends of the western trawls. As 

 soon as this occurred any intelligent skipper, understanding the habits of the species, could form 

 a tolerably definite theory as to how fast the halibut were moving, and also the course they were 

 pursuing. 



Notwithstanding it was apparently well known that the halibut were migrating at such times ; 

 only the most vague and indefinite ideas were formed as to the place from which they came or 

 whither they went. No one seems to have entertained the thought that they "hung around" the 

 edges of the Bank, in deep water, after leaving the body or shoaler portions of the ground. That 



'During the summer of 1885, while this is being printed, (lie ninjorily of the Gloucester halibut vessels ;uc lisli- 

 ing on the eastern side of the Grand Bank, 



