494 CXXIV. CTJPULIFER^E. duERcus. 



hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate. The yellow oak abounds in the Middle 

 and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 60f 

 in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light 

 green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by" acorns usually 

 sweet-flavored. Timber little used. 



9. d. CHINQUAPIN. Michx. (d. prinoides. Wittd.} Dwarf Chestnut Oak. 

 Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with 



coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip ; cup hemispherical ; acorn 

 ovate. This is one of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3 if : ' 

 in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but 

 not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, 

 very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. 



2. Fructification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. 

 * Leaves sinuate-lobed. 



10. d. RUBRA. Red Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- 

 tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate. The red oak is the most 

 common species in the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- 

 spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 10' long, 

 smooth on both sides, with deep and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- 

 cronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns 

 contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are 

 greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively 

 used in tanning. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim- 

 ber, but excellent for fuel. 



11. R. TINCTORIA. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. 



Lvs. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes 

 oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; cup flat ; acorn depressed-globose. This oak is 

 found throughout the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of the forest, 80 90f 

 in height and 4 5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. 

 Leaves 6 8' long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, 

 nearly sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of 

 this species, quercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron 

 oak. The bark is used in tanning. 



12. d. COCCINEA. Wang. Scarlet Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth, lobes divaricate, 

 dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. The scarlet oak is 

 most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the 

 more southern parts of N. England. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a 

 diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- 

 ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they 

 are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or 

 brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. 

 Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 



13. Gt. PALUSTRIS. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth ; axils of the veins 

 tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, 

 smooth ; acorn subglobose. The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States ! 

 and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in 

 swamps and wet woods. Height 60 80f, with a diameter of 24. It is remark- 

 able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- 

 vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into 

 it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, 

 little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 



14. d. ELONGATA. (d. rubra. Walt. d. falcata. Michx.} Spanish Oak. 



Lvs. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- 

 what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated ; cup shallow, 

 somewhat turbinate ; acorn globose. Sandy soils, N. J. to Ga. Trunk 70 80f 

 high, 4 5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. 



