ABIES. CXXXI. CONIFERS. 515 



with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent 

 fuel. May. 



G. P. PALUSTRIS. Lamb. (P. australis. 7) Long-leaved or Broom Pine. 



Lvs. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches ; cone sub- 

 cylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines ; slip, pinnatifid, ragged, per- 

 sistent. Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is 

 15 20' diam., arising with a slignt diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, 

 thence 20 40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a foot in 

 length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2' long. Cone 

 810' long. Seeds with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and 

 durable, used at the South in vast quantities. 



7. P. STROBUS. White Pine. Wcynwuth Pine. 



Lvs. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths ; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, 

 pendant longer than the leaves. This pine is one of the most majestic and the 

 most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly 

 straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 

 5 7f in diameter, and lOOf in height without a limb; then, sending out a few 

 branches, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. The branch- 

 es are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The 

 leaves are about 4' long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an ex- 

 tremely soft and delicate foliage. The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, 

 very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architec- 

 ture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 



2. ABIES. Juss. 



Name probably derived from the Celtic dbetoa. 



Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong ; carpellary scales attenuated to 

 a thin, even edge ; cotyledons 3 9. Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen 

 or deciduous, linear and solitary, or acerose and fasciculate, never sheathed 

 at base. 



1. Leaves evergreen, solitary, linear. 



1. A. CANADENSIS. (Pinus. Linn.} Hemlock. 



Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows ; cones 

 ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves ; scales rounded, entire. A well 

 known evergreen inhabitant of the rocky, mountainous woods of the Northern 

 States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70 80f. The trunk is 

 large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and 

 nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 8" in length, less than \" 

 wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hem- 

 lock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but 

 is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. 



2. A. NIGRA. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.} Black or Double Spruce. 



Lvs. 4-comered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales 

 elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect. This fine tree abounds in 

 the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly 

 composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty 

 pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark green 

 color, little more than ' in length. Cones 1 2' long. The timber is light, 

 strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in ar- 

 chitecture. That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branch- 

 es. May. 



3. A. ALBA. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.} White or Single Spruce. 



Lvs. 4-sided, incurved ; cones lax, pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, 

 broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. Very abundant in the northern sec- 

 tions of the U. States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk 

 1 2f in diameter at the base, regularly diminishing upward. Lower branches 

 longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves | f ' in length, 

 placed on all sides of the branches" Cones small. The timber is useful in 

 the frames of buildings, &. May. 

 44 



