THE UTILIZATION OF MILK IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 301 



only conducted in many small agricultural districts, but also, on account 

 of the demand for this kind of cheese, it is made in factories on a large 

 scale. 



Other kinds of cheese of a less fine flavour are the Dutch and the 

 English fatty and hard cheeses, the Edam and Gouda, made in Holland, 

 in the marsh districts, and the Cheshire and Cheddar, which are made 

 in England, in the districts specially suited for the manufacture of the 

 cheese, chiefly in small and middle-sized dairies. Cheddar cheese is also 

 made in large quantities in the United States. This kind of cheese is 

 not only popular in its mother country, but in the colonies of Holland 

 arid England across the seas. The demand in the colonies is so great that 

 the English production is far from adequate to the demand, and these 

 cheeses are chiefly imported from North America. Owing to the condi- 

 tions prevailing in North America, the fat cheeses are made on a large 

 scale. As the manufacture of cheese in North America is nowhere carried 

 on under especially favourable natural conditions, and is therefore uncer- 

 tain in its result, the practice has been long tried of allowing the milk to 

 become sour in the milk- vat, in order to increase the percentage of bacteria 

 in the cheese, and thus to favour its ripening. 



142. The Utilization of Milk in Different Countries. Wherever 

 cattle are kept, the rearing of calves, which only requires, compara- 

 tively speaking, a small portion of the milk, is carried on in 

 addition to the other uses to which milk is put. The rearing of 

 calves requires a large amount of capital, which is only slowly 

 turned over, and as it involves much care and skill, it is better 

 suited for large than for small farms. In the husbandry of districts 

 of flat land in which milk-cows are kept in restricted numbers only, 

 the rearing of calves is carried on with success, in addition to the 

 manufacture of butter. On the other hand, in countries which are 

 well suited for the keeping of cattle, the rearing of calves, in addi- 

 tion to other methods for the utilization of milk, is practised, and 

 this custom, from an economic point of view, justifies itself. In 

 countries where there is no lack of valuable cattle suitable for the 

 purpose of rearing, young cattle are always reared. Here and there, 

 however, in isolated districts, highly favourable conditions obtain for 

 utilizing milk, and it would be a great economic mistake not to take 

 advantage of them. The result is, that in all countries specially 

 adapted for live stock, it is not possible to draw sharply-defined dis- 

 tricts suited for different methods of utilization, and it is interesting 

 to note in this connection that, on the whole, a higher return is 



