THE LARGE CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLY 187 



pupa, and is very different from the larva. At first it is quite 

 soft, and its skin semitransparent, and at this period it is quite 

 easy to make out that it possesses two pairs of short wings, three 

 pairs of moderately long legs, a pair of long antennae, and a 

 proboscis ; for all these appendages are for the first hour or so 

 of pupal life capable of being lifted by a needle. A little later, 

 however, they become glued down to the surface of the body, 

 and, though still quite recognisable, are not so easy to detect. 

 It is thus evident the pupa resembles the imago far more closely 

 than does the larva. The hardened pupa is only about one inch 

 long, and is of remarkable shape : at its anterior end is a sharp 

 spike flanked at its base by two smaller projections ; on the 

 dorsal surface, which is directed outwards away from the surface 

 of attachment, is a series of similar pointed elevations, of which 

 that from the middle segment of the thorax is the most pro- 

 nounced ; and from the third abdominal segment the very con- 

 spicuous conical projections stand out laterally. Thus the whole 

 pupa is very angular in aspect. On the sides of the head can 

 be seen a pair of oval eyes ; above these start the jointed antennae, 

 which are folded down on to the ventral surface and run down 

 parallel with the front border of the fore- wing. Down the mid- 

 ventral line lies the proboscis, extended backwards beyond the 

 wings, and between this and the antennae parts of the legs are 

 visible, the remaining portion being concealed beneath the wings. 

 The fore-wings cover the hind, so that the latter are usually 

 quite invisible, the former extending down on to the fourth 

 abdominal segment ventrally ; they are marked with longitudinal 

 curved rows of black spots, and have a series of larger spots round 

 the posterior margin. 



The ten abdominal segments can be recognised, though the 

 two most posterior are somewhat compressed. Paired respiratory 

 stigmata are visible and functional upon the sides of the second 

 to seventh segments inclusive, and there is the mark of a closed 

 pair on the eighth. Upon the ventral side of the fourth to the 

 sixth segments scars of the larval claspers are visible. There 

 are no openings whatever to the digestive system, for no food 

 is taken, nor does any excrement of any kind leave the body of 

 the pupa. At the extreme hind end of the body is a rather square- 



