NO. l6 EXPLORATION IN PERU HRDLICKA II 



cemeteries, in which the graves yield copper or bronze, with some 

 gold, besides the before mentioned interesting pottery. 



At about the time of the greatest prevalence of the deformed 

 crania, there appear individual elements of the dolichocephalic type 

 of the Indian. These are not local developments, for intermediary 

 cranial forms, which in that case would be numerous, are lacking. 

 Nor are they the Aymara who, though dolichocephalic, have since 

 early Tiahuanaco times practiced the peculiar circular head defor- 

 mation which now bears their name. It seems most probable that 

 these dolichocephals came with or after the invading forces of the 

 central or highland Peruvians and represent some of the more 

 eastern or northern tribes of Peru. It was from the graves of such 

 individuals that the writer obtained the ornamented pottery, shown 

 in pi. 2, which is very distinct from any that occur in the old huacas 

 and the coast burials. 



The brachycephalic people seem to have been the first inhabitants 

 of the coast, for there was absolutely no trace of any previous 

 occupants ; and the peopling of the coast by the brachycephals, 

 judging from the nature and extent of the cemeteries, could not 

 have been of any very great duration, not over some centuries before 

 the arrival of the whites. 



This old type of the coast people is fundamentally the same as a 

 large portion of the inhabitants of Equador, Colombia, Panama, 

 Central America, and Yucatan. The present native population was 

 seen by the writer to show this type as far as the southern confines 

 of the Peru of to-day. Farther southward, however, at Arica and 

 along the Chilean coast, there is found an increasingly large propor- 

 tion of dolichocephalic natives, and from the northern extremity of 

 the central part of the Chilean coast southward this latter type is the 

 only one encountered. 



The preliminary examination of the skeletal material at Pacha- 

 camac and in the valley of Chicama has brought forth also some 

 interesting evidence of medical nature. 



There was not a single instance of rachitis. 1 In only one case 

 (Chicama) was there seen a vertebra that may have been tubercu- 

 lous, but the evidence was not entirely conclusive and the age of the 

 grave was unknown. Only two burials were encountered in which 

 the bones were surely syphilitic ; but both of these graves were 

 among the more recent, in all probability post-Columbian. Besides 



1 For comparison, see the writer's Physiological and Medical Observations, 

 Bulletin 34, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1908. 



