SOME RESULTS OF RECENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL 

 EXPLORATION IN PERU 1 



By Dr. ALES HRDLICKA, 

 Curator, Division of Physical Anthropology, U. S. National Museum 



(With Four Plates) 



Peru may well be regarded, even in its present territorial restric- 

 tion, as the main key to the anthropology of South America. Due 

 to the numbers of its ancient inhabitants, and to their far reaching 

 social differentiations, indicating long occupancy, a good knowledge 

 of the people of Peru from the earliest times is very desirable, and 

 would constitute a solid basis from which it should be relatively 

 easy to extend anthropological comparison to all the rest of the 

 native peoples of the Southern Continent. 



We know already, in a general way, that Peru, shortly before the 

 conquest, was peopled by three or four larger " races " or strains of 

 Indians: The Aymara (d'Orbigny) and the Quechua, in the central 

 and southern highlands; the Huancas (Tschudi), in the north, and 

 the Yungas (Calancha) or Chinchas (Tschudi), along the coast. 2 

 Besides this, a considerable number of unclassified tribes existed in 

 the northeastern and northern regions of the great territory. These 

 various peoples are known to have spoken a number of different 



1 Paper read before the Seventeenth International Congress of American- 

 ists, City of Mexico, September, 1910, by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, representative 

 of Smithsonian Institution at Congress of Americanists at Buenos Aires, 

 May 16 to 21, 1910, and at City of Mexico, September 7 to 14, 1910. 



2 Calancha, A. de. Chronica moralizada del Orden de San Augustin en 

 el Peru, etc. 2 vols. Barcelona, 1639-1653. 



Cieza, P. de. La Chronica del Peru. Sevilla, 1553. Anvers, 1554; Eng- 

 lish Transl., London, 1864-1883 (Hakluyt Soc. Pubs. Nos. 33 and 68). 



Garcilasso de la Vega. Historia general del Peru. Cordova, 1616; Lon- 

 don, 1688. 



D'Orbigny, D. A. Voyage dans 1'Amerique meridionale, etc. 9 vols., 4 . 

 Paris, 1835-1847. 



Rivero, E. de, and J. J. v. Tschudi. Antiguedades Peruanas. 4 . Vien, 

 1851 ; Transl. in English. 8°. New York, 1853. 



Tschudi, J. J. v. On the Ancient Peruvians. 8°. London, 1884. Travels 

 in Peru, etc. 8°. London, 1847. 



Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 56, No. 16 



