Ecological Botany.] SUBANTARCTlC ISLAISTDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 235 



On Antipodes Island I noted no such wholesale changes in progress as on the 

 Snares and Disappointment Island, nevertheless brief mention of the effect of sea- 

 birds must be made. Old nests of albatroses are about 39 cm. in diameter and 23 cm. 

 in height. Growing on the nest itself may be Stdlaria decipiens var. angustata and 

 Lmzvla crinita, while on the ground may be Acaena Sanguisorbae var. antarctica and 

 the Stdlaria, these two latter being always the first plants to put in an appearance. 

 The young albatroses have much to do with spreading the Acaena, since its fruits, 

 according to Chapman (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xxiii, p. 516), are attached in quan- 

 tity to their breasts, and they do not fly from the nesting-place, but walk over the 

 meadows, &c., to the sea. 



As for the part played by insects, as said before, no observations as to their 

 visiting the flowers have been made as yet, nor is anything known as to the insects 

 of the summer and autumn. 



(C.) INTEODUCED ANIMALS. 



As to the dates of the introduction of various animals, I must refer the reader 

 to my former paper (" Botanical Excursion," pp. 300-302).* So far as my observa- 

 tions go regarding Auckland Island and Adams Island, the sheep and pigs do not 

 appear to have brought about any appreciable change. Mr. Tennant, who alone 

 of the botanists of the expedition visited the hills in the south of Auckland Island, 

 where Hooker had originally made his famous collections, reports that the pigs 

 have worked much havoc since Hooker's time, and that the vegetation is not so 

 luxuriant as in the south of the island, the plants being more or less eradicated where 

 the pigs have access. 



On Enderby Island the cattle have also brought about a good deal of change, 

 especially not far from the depot. The effect of sheep-farming on Campbell Island 

 was dealt with in my former paper, and further very interesting details are given 

 by Mr. Laing in his memoir in this volume. 



* In addition to the cases noted in the " Botanical Excursion," some hundreds of sheep were 

 placed on the southern part of Auckland Island a few years ago, but almost all appear to have died. 



