PSYCHICAL EVOLUTION 125 



regions by the excessive cold of the time. The 

 third bed, which lies just below the surface soils, 

 contains polished stone axes and other remains of 

 human industry cotemporaneous with the Swiss 

 lake-dwellers. From the swamps and loams are 

 sometimes dug up the remains of Gallo-Roman 

 civilisations — Gallic coins, serpentine axes, and 

 bronzes of the time of the Antonines. 



No one can fully realise the vast advance that 

 has been made by the human mind until he has 

 looked upon a savage — has seen the savage in his 

 native haunts attacking the problems of his daily 

 life, and has tasted of his philosophy and disposi- 

 tion. The savage is the ancestor of all higher men. 

 When we look upon the savage, we look upon the 

 infancy of the human world. All of the laws, 

 languages, sciences, governments, religions, and 

 philosophies of civilised man, or nearly all of them 

 at any rate, are the exfoliated laws, languages, 

 sciences, governments, religions, and philosophies 

 of savages. It is impossible to understand the 

 laws of civilised societies without a knowledge of 

 the laws of savage societies. The same thing is 

 true of government, religion, and philosophy — 

 and of human nature itself. Human nature as 

 exhibited by civilised men and women — I mean 

 men and women with a veneering of civility, not 

 really civilised folks, for there are none of them 

 on the earth — is a perpetual enigma unless it is 

 illumined by restrospection, by a comparative 

 study of human nature, by a study of human 

 nature as seen in more and more primitive men 



