THE ELEMENTS OF MIND 219 



differences among the materials with which the 

 perceptive faculty deals. There are perceptions 

 of simple sensations, and there are perceptions of 

 composite sensations, or concepts — perceptions of 

 elementary relations, and perceptions of compound 

 and elaborate relations. But all displays of 

 rational faculty, from the simple judgment of 

 distance by the dimness and distinctness of defini- 

 tion and the si^e of the visual angle, which all 

 higher animals are compelled to make, to the 

 labyrinthic abstractions of the logician, consist 

 in nothing in addition to discriminations among 

 stimuli. 



Brehm one day gave one of his apes a paper 

 bag with a lump of sugar and a wasp in it. The 

 ape in getting the sugar was stung by the wasp. 

 From that day, whenever Brehm gave that ape, 

 or any other ape in that cage, a paper package, 

 the animal, before opening it, took the precaution 

 to shake the package at his ear and listen to find 

 out whether or not there was a wasp inside (18). 

 Now, such an act of intelligence implies several 

 inferences. A train of thoughts something like 

 this must have passed through this ape's mind: 

 * Now, if one wasp can sting, so can another; and, 

 if a man can deceive me once by wrapping a wasp 

 in a paper with a lump of sugar, he may try it 

 again ; and, if one man will attempt such a thing, 

 so may another ; and, if men will attempt it on 

 me, they may attempt it on my friends ; so I will 

 warn my friends to look out for those villainous 

 chaps outside.' These inferences of the ape are 



