Chap. XXII.] TO HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. 423 



After these brief observations concerning the growth 

 and functions of Language, and as to its use in aidin g 

 tjie_development of Mind, we may turn to the views of 

 G. H. Lewes concerning the transition from Brute to 

 Human InteUigence, and on the subject of the further 

 powerful influence exerted by Language, when acting in 

 concert with Social Influences generally — the influences 

 that is, which are brought to bear upon Men as units in a 

 gradually developing Social Organization. 



He says* : " That animals have sensations, appetites, 

 emotions, instincts, and intelligence — that they exhibit 

 memory, expectation, judgment, hope, fear, joy — that 

 they learn by experience, and invent new modes of satis- 

 fying their desires, no philosopher now denies. And yet 

 the gap between animal and human intelligence is so 

 wide, that Philosophy is sorely puzzled to reconcile the 

 undeniable facts." . . . "Animals having organs closely 

 resembling our own, and feelings closely resembling our 

 own, have little or nothing of the highest order of mental 

 activity ; Animals are intelligent, but have no Intellect ; 

 they are sympathetic but have no Ethics ; they are 

 emotive, but have no Conscience." . . . When it is 

 said that Animals however intelligent have no Intellect, 

 the meaning is that flTf^yViRVA^pPiYPpfiniTo nnrl JTrrlrmTA-nr^j ^ 

 but no conceptions, no genei-al ideas, no symbols for 

 logical operations. f They are intelligent, for we see 

 them guided to action by Judgment; they adapt their 

 actions by means of guiding sensations, and adapt things 

 to their ends. Their mechanism is a sentient, intelligent 

 mechanism. But they have not Conception, or what we 



* " Problems of Life aud Mind," vol. i. pp. 152, 154, and 156. 



t To a limited extent, as already stated, there is reason to believe 

 tliat animals do carry on some such mental processes, not ot course 

 by Word Symbols, but by means of Visual Iniciges. 



