Chaf. XXII.] TO HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. 425 



but never seeks to understand and modify its causes. 

 The savage also suffers, and seeks to escape. But he 

 \Yonders, speculates on the causes, hopes to master them 

 by invocations, or incantations. The civilized man tries 

 to understand the causes, that he may modify them when 

 they are modifiable, and resign himself to them when 

 they are unmodifiable. The animal has only the Logic 

 of Feeling to guide his actions. He observes and con- 

 cludes, nevei explains. The man has besides this the 

 Logic of Signs : he observes and explains the visible 

 series by an invisible series. The one has only know- 

 ledge of particular facts, the other a knowledge of general 

 facts." 



In the progress of Intellectual Development there is 

 exhibited an ever-increasing tendency to deal with more 

 and more remote Conceptions, and with indirect mental 

 processes which detach the mind further and further from 

 Sensible Observation. It may be illustrated, as G. H. 

 Lewes says,"* by the stages of numerical calculation. 



"Man begins by counting things, grouping tlie'tn visibly. He 

 then learns to count simply the numbers, in the absence of the 

 things, using his fingers and toes for symbols. He then substitutes 

 abstract signs, and Arithmetic begins. From this he passes to 

 Algebra, the signs of which are not onl}^ abstract but general ; and 

 now he calculates numerical relations not numbers. From this he 

 passes to the higher calculus of relations .... In consequence of 

 this development of Intellect — i.e., of the interest in remote means 

 substituted for direct ends — man acquires his immense superiority 

 over animals in achieving the final end. It is thus, and thus only, 

 that he is enabled to modify the course of events. It is thus that 

 Sentience becomes Science, facts are condensed into laws, and 

 direct vision is multiplied and magnified by remote prevision." 



" The absurdity of supposing that any ape cculd, under any 

 normal circumstances, construct a scientific theory, analyze a fact 

 into its component factors, frame to himself a picture of the life led 



* Loc. cit. p, 171. 



