Chap. XXV.] PHRENOLOGY : OLD AND NEW. 519 



from one another, it needs little anatomical knowledge to 

 imagine how much more impossible it must be to divine 

 such boundaries through the skull and its integuments. 

 If we take the organ of 'philoprogenitiveness,' for instance, 

 whose assigned situation at the back of the head may be 

 seen in any phrenological bust, we find that it corresponds 

 with a bony prominence, which varies greatly in thickness 

 in different individuals, whilst internally it corresponds to 

 the point of union of four great venous sinuses, and within 

 these as much to the tips of the Occipital Lobes as to a 

 part of the upper and posterior border of the Cerebellum.* 



The division of the human Mind into distinct * facul- 

 ties,' after the fashion of the phrenologists, is, however, 

 an error in itself, quite apart from the unsatisfactory 

 nature of theh- particular analysis. " Every form of ia- 

 telhgence being," as Herbert Spencer says,f "in essence 

 an adjustment of inner to outer relations, it results that, 

 as in the advance of this adjustment the outer relations 

 increase in number, in complexity, in heterogeneity, by 

 degrees that cannot be marked, there can be no valid 

 demarcations between the successive phases of intelli- 

 gence .... fundamentally considered, intelligence 

 has neither distinct grades nor is constituted of faculties 

 that are truly independent .... its highest phe- 

 nomena are the effects of a complication that has arisen 

 by insensible steps out of the simplest elements." 



This philosophical view of Herbert Spencer is one 

 which is quite harmonious with what we know of the 

 progressive development of the Brain in the animal series. 



But the crudity of the psychological analysis of the 

 Phrenologists is well capped by the simplicity of the mode 

 in which they proceeded to assign the sites of the seve- 

 ral ' organs.' Spurzheim says : — '' Two persons at V'ienna 

 * See figs. 147, 118. \ " Principles of Psychology," 1st Ed. d. 486. 



