Chap. XXVIII.] AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. 609 



he had ever articulated, though he is said thereafter to have 

 retained the faculty of Speech as long as he lived. Again, 

 it appears that Aulus Gellius,* after repeating the above 

 story from Herodotus, relates a similar fact in the following 

 terms: — " Sed et quispiam Samius athleta, nomen illi fuib 

 A.ly\r}9, quum antea non loquens fuisset, ob similem dicitur 

 causam loqui coepisse. Nam quum in sacro certamine 

 sortitio inter ipsos et adversaries non bona fide fieret, et 

 sortem nominis falsam subjici animadvertisset, repente 

 in eum, qui id faciebat, sese videre, quid faceret, magnum 

 inclamavit. Atque in oris vinculo solutus, per omne inde 

 vitae tempus, non turbide neque adhaese locutus est." 



The powers of Reading and of Writing are accom- 

 plishments superadded to that of Articulate Speech. 



The child has already learned to associate certain ob- 

 jects, or particular states of consciousness, with definite 

 Sounds (or Names) ; he has further gained the power of 

 articulating these names for himself: so that when he 

 begins to learn to Read, he gradually builds up a still 

 further ' association,' by which certain written or printed 

 hieroglyphics, representing letters in definite combina- 

 tions, are linked to the already known states of con- 

 sciousness (Perceptions, Ideas, &c.) and their sound repre- 

 sentatives. The previous combinations are therefore sup- 

 plemented by being correlated with new visual symbols ; 

 and it seems certain that in the act of Reading the 

 words which are primarily perceived in the Visual Centre 

 w^ould almost simultaneously recall the corresponding 

 sounds in the Auditory Centre, as part of the perceptive 

 process involved in this act.f From the Auditory Centre 



* " Noctes AtticaB," lib. v. cap. ix. 



t Where this cannot occur it must be more difficult for the 

 person to understand what is read, and, as may be seen from 

 what follows (p 641), it may be impossible for him to read aloud. 



