DYES AKD COLORING STUFFS, 443 



dyeing leather yellow. When mixed with lime and evaporated to 

 dry ness, it forms the color called sap-green. A great quantity of 

 yellow berries are annually shipped from Constantinople ; 115 tons 

 were imported into Liverpool last year. The average annual im- 

 ports into the United Kingdom are about 450 tons. They come 

 from the Levant in hair bales weighing three and a quarter cwt., 

 or in tierces of four to five cwt., and are used by calico printers 

 for dyeing a yellow color, They are sometimes called Persian 

 berries. 



It is a subject of surprise that the common betel-nut of the 

 East has never been introduced for dyeing purposes. The roots 

 of the awl tree of Malabar and other parts of India, Morinda 

 cifrifolia, and of M. tinctoria, found abundant in all the Asiatic 

 islands, are extensively used as a dye stuff for giving a red color. 

 It is usually grown as a prop and shade for the pepper vine 

 and coffee tree. The coloring matter resides principally 

 in the bark of the roots, which are long and slender, and the 

 small pieces are the best, fetching 8s. to 10s. a maund. It is ex- 

 ported in large quantities from Malabar to Gruzerat, and the 

 northern parts of Hindostan, but seldom finds its way to Europe. 



The wood and roots of another species, M. umbellata, known in 

 the eastern islands as " Mangkudu," are used extensively for their 

 red dye, in Celebes and Java. Specimens of all these, and of the 

 Lopisip bark, bunchong bulu wood, and the gaju gum (from un- 

 described plants), have been introduced into England. They are 

 said to furnish excellent dyes in the Asiatic islands. Native dyes 

 from Arracan have also been imported, viz., thit-tel and the-dan 

 yielding red dyes, ting-nget and reros, affording dark purple dyes ; 

 and thit-nan-weng, a chocolate dye. These would be worth en- 

 quiry, and particulars of the plants yielding them, the quantities 

 available, and the prices might be procured. Dyes and colors from 

 the following plants are obtained in India: several species of 

 Terminalia, Sinecarpus Anacardium, Myrica Sapide^ Neluinbium 

 speciosus, Batea frondosa, and Nyctanthes arboretristis. The 

 bunkita barring, obtained from an uudescribed plant in Borneo, 

 produces a dark purple or black dye. A species of ruellia, under 

 the name of ".Room," is employed in its raw state by theKhamp- 

 tis and Lingphos to dye their clothes of a deep blue. It is de- 

 scribed by the late Dr. Griffiths as " a valuable dye, and highly 

 worthy of attention." It might, perhaps, be usefully employed 

 as the ground for a black dye. In Nepaul they use the bark of 

 Pliotinia dubia or Mespilus Bengahnsis for dyeing scarlet. The 

 bark of the black oak, Quercus tinctoria and its varieties, natives 

 of North America, are used by dyers under the name of quer- 

 citron. 



In the south of Europe, Daphne Onidium is used to dye yellow. 

 The root of reilbon, a sort of madder in Chili, dyes red. A pur- 

 ple tint or dye is obtained from the bark of an undescribed tree, 

 known under the name of " Grana ponciana" growing about 

 Quito ; and Stevenson (Travels in South America) says, " if 



