MADDER. 483 



Bent per hectare (2| English acres), 3 years, at a. d. 



165 francs . . 19 17 6 



Manure, 440 francs . . . 17 12 6 



Carriage of ditto, 132 francs . 3 5 10 



. 22 18 4 



42 15 10 



These expenses may almost be dispensed with in our colonies, 

 as the soil at Vaucluse has long been exhausted. 



Two and a-half acres require 170 Ibs. seed, at 2|d. per pound, 

 which, with the labor afterwards bestowed, including the 

 cost of spade trenching, will be 30 



72 15 10 



The average produce per hectare is 77 cwt., which, at 1 4s. 2d. 

 per cwt. (the price on the spot), is 93. The price is now much 

 lower, but still it is clear a most profitable return would be derived 

 from the first crop, and a proportionably larger one afterwards. 



A considerable portion of the madder roots, instead of being 

 ground and exported in that form, as heretofore, is now exposed, 

 after being invested with dilute sulphuric acid, to a boiling heat 

 by means of steam, by which the coloring matter is considerably 

 altered and improved in quality for some dyeing processes, while 

 the quantity rendered soluble in water is greatly increased. The 

 madder so prepared is known as " garancine," and forms an impor- 

 tant branch of manufacture in the south of France, which was well 

 illustrated at the Great Exhibition in 1851, by a collection of 

 specimens supplied by the Chamber of Commerce of Avignon. 

 The spent madder, after being used in dyeing, is. now also con- 

 verted by Mr. H. Steiner, of Accrington, into a garancine (termed 

 garanceuse by the French) by steaming it with sulphuric acid in 

 the same manner as the fresh madder, and thus a considerable 

 quantity of coloring matter is recovered and made available which 

 was formerly thrown away in the spent madder. Both varieties 

 of garancine give a more scarlety red than the unprepared madder, 

 and also good chocolate and black, without soiling the white 

 ground, but are not so well fitted, particularly the garancine of 

 spent madder, for dyeing purples, lilacs, and pinks. The value of 

 the garaneine imported from France in 1848 was 59,554, and of 

 that imported in 1851 93,818. This preparation of ground madder 

 is imported into Liverpool to the extent of from 500 to 600 tons 

 annually from Marseilles, for the use of calico printers in the 

 manufacturing districts. The price is 7 to 8 the ton. 



This important root is already cultivated to a considerable ex- 

 tent in Russia, but not nearly in sufficient quantity to meet the 

 local demand ; so that large quantities are imported from Holland 

 and elsewhere, every year. 



The quantity of madder, madder-root, and garancine annually 

 imported into the United Kingdom is exceedingly large, over 

 15,000 tons, as is shown by a reference to the following figures : 



2 i 2 



