XX11 KEY TO THE ORDERS. 



SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERMS. 



Ovules and seeds naked, on the inner face of an open scale ; 

 or, in Taxus, without any scale, but surrounded by a ring-like 

 disk which becomes red and berry-like in fruit, 



CONIFERS. Trees or. shrubs, with resinous juice, and 

 mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves. Fruit 

 a cone, or occasionally berry -like .............. 214 



CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 



Distinguished ordinarily by having straight-veined leaves 

 (though occasionally net-veined ones), and the parts of the 

 flowers in threes, never in fives. Wood never forming rings, 

 but interspersed in separate bundles throughout the stem. 

 Cotyledon only 1. 







I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. 



Flowers collected on a spadix, with or without a spathe or 

 sheathing bract. Leaves sometimes net-veined. 



ARACE^E. Herbs (either flag-like marsh-plants, or terres- 

 trial, ) with pungent j uice, and simple or compound 

 leaves, these sometimes net-veined. Spadix usu- 

 ally (but not always) accompanied by a spathe. 

 Flowers either without a perianth of any kind, 

 or with 4-6 sepals 217 



TYPHACE.S. Aquatic or marsh plants, with linear straight- 

 veined leaves erect or floating, and monoecious 

 flowers. Heads of flowers cylindrical or globular, 



no spathe, and no floral envelopes 219 



LEMNACE^E. Small aquatics, freely floating about 218 



NAIAD ACEvE. Immersed aquatics. Stems branching and 

 leafy. Flowers perfect, in spikes, generally on the 

 surface 221 



II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. 



Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with a corolla- 

 like, or occasionally herbaceous, perianth. 



