TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix 



PART III. 

 Organs and Systems of Organs. 



PAGE 



I. The Morphological and Physiological Relations of Organs . 155 



A. The Principal Forms of Organs 155 



B. Modification of Organs 157 



(a) Modification of Stem and Root . . . . . . 157 



(b) Modification of the Phyllome 159 



Critical Observations on the Distinction of Organs . . . 163 



C. The Complex Organ : Shoot 165 



D. Metamorphosis and Correlation 167 



II. Origin and Position of Lateral Organs and the Causes for 



Their Definitive Position 168 



A. Spiral Arrangement of Leaves. Theories of Phyllotaxy . . 171 



B. The Determination of a Divergence ...... 174 



C. The Mechanical Theory of Phyllotaxy and the Idealistic Concep- 



tion of Nature ... 175 



III. Difference in the Power of Development of the Members of 



Equal Morphological Value. Classification of Organ-systems 179 



A. Inflorescence . ... 181 



(a) Racemose Inflorescence . . 182 



(b) Pauiculose Inflorescence . - > 182 



(0) Cicinnose Inflorescence . 182 



B. Rank and Succession of Shoots 183 



PAKT IV. 



Reproduction. 



Introduction 185 



I. Reproduction among Cryptogams . ... .... 188 



A. Forms of Reproduction among Algae 192 



B. Forms of Reproduction among Fungi 194 



II. A Comparative Study of Reproduction and Alternation of 



Generation in Mosses, Vascular Cryptogams, and Phanero- 

 gams 200 



Gymnosperms and Angiosperms . . . . . . . 210 



III. The Phanerogamic Flower . . . V .... 213 



A. Calyx, Corolla, Nectaries. The Flower as a Whole ... . 214 



B. The Stamens and Pollen-grains . . . . ... . 223 



C. The Gyncecium. The Ovule with the Embryo-sac before and 



after Fertilization . 227 



IY. The Morphology and Physiology of the Seed and Fruit of 



Phanerogams * 231 



Germination . - . . . . 237 



V. The General Physiology of Reproduction 238 



A. Agents in Fertilization. Cross-pollination. Self-pollination . 238 



