118 



COMPENDIUM OF GENERAL BOTANY. 



ually the four apical cells arranged in a quadrant) forms cells 

 (" segments ") toward the side of the root; occasionally also cells* 

 (" root-cap segments") which form the root-cap: ferns and 

 Equisetum. 



Fig. 63 represents type 1 <*, Fig. 64 type 2 a, Fig. 65 type 

 2 /3. The fern type is represented in Fig. 29, p. 47. 



ft. The Protection of the Stem-apex. 



1. Normally the apical area of the stem has no specific organ 



which serves as a protective covering for its vegetative area, 



although it is evidently in need 

 of one ; such protection is sup- 

 plied by the young leaf-bud, 

 which forms a covering of 

 mcmy layers. Fig. 66 a illus- 

 trates this condition. Numer- 

 ous examples of this kind 

 may be observed in longitu- 

 dinal sections of leaf-buds, 

 bulbs, etc. Fig. 66 ~b is in- 

 tended to represent in general 

 a longitudinal section of a 

 stem with blunt apical area. 

 Besides these most common 

 forms of protection, there are 

 a few others, namely : 



2. The depression of the 

 apical area; example, algae, 

 in which the apical cell lies 

 at the bottom of a hollow 

 or depression (JFucacecti) \ we 

 may also mention inferior 

 ovaries (cup-shaped receptacle 

 or torus). From a physiolog- 

 ical standpoint we must also 



include the morphological rule that normal lateral buds appear 



axillary, that is, in the axis of a leaf. 



3. Protection by means of rolling in is shown in Floridem 



(red marine algae). 





