ANCIENT EARTHWORKS 



Ethelred, a.d. 995. It was also one of the two ports of Dartford. The Sittingbourne hythe 

 was apparently thrown up by Hasten in 893, and at the shoreworks at Lesnes is a similar 

 hythe. There are other places which point to a similar use and period. Many enclosures are 

 the result of the enterprise of the Religious houses situated on the adjacent hard shores in the 

 neighbourhood of causeways and ferries. About the year 1 000 what had been already done 

 in reclaiming land was intermitted and abandoned to the sea. 



The effective embankments in the estuary of the Thames, as we see them to-day, 

 and which hedge in the river, are of no great antiquity. They are the result of piecemeal 

 enclosures which have advanced side by side at right angles (so to speak) to the course of the 

 stream from either shore, until a line was reached where the shore banks could be abandoned 

 and their builders unite their labours in forming two long ones parallel to the current. This 

 has been a long process, and weak places, great storms and inattention on the part of some 

 of the riparian owners have been the frequent cause of their destruction, and required careful 

 watching and repeated mending. In the earlier part of their existence the walls were thrown 

 up to win the land from the water, and it was not until the union of the parallel walls had 

 been nearly or quite completed, that it was perceived that a much more important thing to 

 the country at large had occurred, viz., the deepening and straightening of the common water- 

 way. For as the parallel banks approached each other the tidal currents ran more swiftly 

 and the scour increased, so that the waterway was shortened and larger ships could travel 

 further inland. Then too it was found that this was not a matter which could be left to small 

 owners who were careless and narrow-minded, but was a matter for State interference. 



In the twelfth century the monks of Barking and Stratford enclosed much marsh, but 

 the pieces cannot be identified. Lesnes Abbey is not recorded to have received enclosed 

 marshland on its foundation in 1 1 79 a.d. The monks however enclosed a part of their marsh 

 in 1279 A.D. and the rest within the next twelve years after. These are early dated examples. 

 That of Lesnes is peculiarly interesting, as we can identify one or more of the banks then 

 thrown across the marshes. The plan here followed to obtain the end in view was simple 

 and bolder than most of those pursued on the Thames. A much more cautious method was 

 the commoner, which consisted of running out a small bank from the shore a few yards and 

 returning to the shore again, then from some point on that line other essays were made until 

 a large area was enclosed. Not unfrequently the earlier banks were cleared away for material 

 to be used up again. In some old deeds this was expressly prohibited. A row of old manor 

 ways which have long been superseded when ending in a line may be seen to indicate the 

 termination of the fresh marsh. Some of these ways are still called walls, though now levelled. 

 Of such are the ' Farthing,' ' Ham,' and ' Meads ' walls at Cliffe. Not much enclosure 

 is practised now, but the end of the last century saw some extensive efforts at re-embanking at 

 Slayhill and Milford Hope. But with the wash of the sea consequent on the destruction of 

 some islands which acted as breakwaters, little good can now come of such labours so far down.' 



' For maps and sections of marshland works. Arch. Journ. xlii. 269, and Proc. Geologists' Ass. xl. 210. 



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