PALEONTOLOGY 107 



antlers at all. In the middle Miocene we find deer with 

 two-pronged antlers of small size (Fig. 25, A and B\ In 

 the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene are found three- 

 pronged antlers somewhat larger (Fig. 25, C and D]. In 

 the later Pliocene we meet four-pronged and five-pronged 

 antlers and still larger (Fig. 25, E). In the Pleistocene 

 clays we see arborescent antlers like those of the modern 

 deer (Fig. 25, F}. It is especially interesting to see that 



B c D E F 



FIG. 25. Fossil deer antlers. [From ROMANES, after GAUDRY.] 



A and B. Cervus dicrocerus. C. C. Matheronis. D. C. paradinensis. E. C. issiodorensis. 

 F, C. sedgwickii, 



the antlers of our deer, as the animal grows older, pass 

 successively through the several stages we find in the 

 series of fossils just referred to, new branches being added 

 each year (Plate 43), thus again illustrating the fact that 

 the development of the individual tends to recapitulate 

 the history of the evolution of the race. 



In Fig. 26 are shown drawings of seventeen different 

 varieties of fossil Paludina shells, all from the same local- 

 ity in Slavonia. Paludina is a fresh-water snail, and indi- 

 viduals similar to the variety figured in the last drawing 



