COLOR IN ANIMALS 123 



leaves. We have leaf-like grasshoppers, leaf-like Mantides, 

 leaf beetles (Plate 62), leaf moths, and leaf butterflies (Plate 

 83, B, D, E, K}. There are a number of the latter in this 

 country, but the finest example is Kallima inachis, found in 

 India. In this species the resemblance to a dead leaf is almost 

 perfect when the wings are closed (Plate 83, A and B\ 



In the pupa stage of many insects we find remarkable 

 special resemblances. Perhaps the finest example is fur- 

 nished by the cocoon of the "waved-yellow moth," Logoa 

 opercularis. The pupa of this moth lies inside a cocoon 

 which in color and apparent texture closely resembles the 

 bark of the alder and other twigs on which it is found 

 (Plate 63, A\ At the top of the cocoon is a trap-door 

 not noticeable until it opens to free the adult insect. At 

 the middle of the cocoon there is a peculiar depression 

 with rough elevated edges, giving an appearance almost 

 identical with that of the winter buds of the alder twigs. 

 Another species of the same genus (L. crispata) has a 

 cocoon of quite different character (Plate 63, E), for, since 

 it is found underground, there is no need of its having the 

 peculiarities which so perfectly protect the cocoon of L. 

 opercularis. The caterpillars of these same moths are 

 also protected by great numbers of yellow or brown hairs. 

 In L. opercularis the hairs so completely conceal the body 

 of the caterpillar that one would not suspect its real nature 

 (Plate 63, B]. In Z. crispata the hairs, while present, are 

 less thickly set, allowing the form of the caterpillar to be 

 seen (Plate 63, C and D]. Both in its larval stage and in 

 the chrysalis Z. opercularis is more perfectly protected 

 than is L. crispata. 



The examples of special resemblance thus far cited 



