78 OUTLINES OF ANATOMY. 



The lungs, 958-60. (936-7-8) 



With the blowpipe inserted in the trachea, inflate the lungs and note their relations to the heart, thoracic 

 walls, etc. 



Outer surface. 



Inner surface. 



Base. 



Apex. 



Two lobes. Third or middle lobe. 



The branches of the internal mammary artery not already shown should now be exposed and traced ; 

 then divide the mammary vessels and throw them upward. 



Internal mammary artery, 548-9-50. (538-9-40) 

 Lateral infracostal artery. 

 Superior phrenic or comes nervi phrenici. 

 Mediastinal or thymic branches. 

 Pericardiac branches. 

 Sternal branches. 

 Superior epigastric artery. 

 Musculo-phrenic artery: 



Phrenic. 



Anterior intercostals. 



Muscular. 



Strip the pleura from the superior mediastinum and pericardium, also from the adjacent upper surface 

 of the diaphragm, exposing the relations of the pericardium to the diaphragm. Expose the mediastinal 

 glands. Trace the phrenic nerves ; then expose the pericardium. 



Anterior mediastinal or sternal glands, 697. (682) 

 Superior mediastinal or cardiac glands, 697. (682) 

 Phrenic nerve, 832. (812-13) 



Right side. 



Left side. 



Branches. 

 The pericardium. 962-3. (941-2) 



Fibrous layer. Ductus arteriosus. Sterno-pericardial bands. 



Make a transverse incision through the pericardium, extending between the roots of the lungs, 

 also a median incision from the aorta to the apex of the heart. Study the relations of the peri- 

 cardium to the heart and the blood-vessels at its base ; also the position and relations of the heart. 



Serous layer : 



Parietal portion. 



Visceral portion. 

 Oblique sinus. 



Vestiginal fold of the pericardium. Oblique vein of Marshall. 

 Relations. 

 On opening the pericardium the following structures may be observed : 



Right and left ventricles. Right auricle. Right auricular appendix. 



Aorta. Superior vena cava. Pulmonary artery. Left auricular appendix. 



Left ventricle. Coronary sinus. Cardiac veins. Oblique vein of Marshall. 



Coronary arteries. 

 Vessels. 



Lymphatics of the pericardium, 697. (681-2) 

 The heart, 963-4-5. (942-3) 

 Position : Base. 

 Apex. 



Lower border. 

 Lateral borders. 

 Size and weight. 

 Anterior surface. 

 Posterior surface. 

 Auriculo-ventricular groove. 

 Interventricular groove. 



