ANGIOSPERMS. 429 



an upper portion of the ^pericarp, which falls off like a lid, while the lower 

 portion remains in the form of an urn on the flower-stalk, as in Plantago, 

 Hyoscyamus, Anagallis. 

 (y) Capsular fruits opening by pores : 



By the term pore-capsule may be designated a capsular fruit in which 

 by the removal of small portions of the pericarp at certain spots, small 

 openings are formed through which the diminutive seeds are shaken out by 

 the wind, as in Papaver and Antirrhinum. 



B. Succulent fruits : the tissue of the pericarp or certain layers of it remain 

 succulent till the ripening of the fruit or assume a fleshy or pulpy consistence. 



3. Succulent indehiscent fruits : the succulent pericarp does not burst, and the 



seeds are not discharged. 



The drupe or stone-fruit : inside a thin epicarp is a usually thick mesocarp 

 of fleshy consistence ; the endocarp forms a hard thick layer, the stone 

 (put amen) which usually encloses a single seed with a thin seed-coat, as in 

 Prunus. 



The berry : inside a more or less tough or hard epicarp the rest of the 

 tissue of the pericarp is developed as a succulent pulp in which the seeds, 

 which have a firm or even hard seed-coat, lie imbedded ; the berry is 

 distinguished in general from the drupe by the absence of a hard endocarp 

 and usually contains more than one seed, as in Ribes, Cucurbita, and 

 Solanum ; it sometimes is one-seeded as in the date. Allied to the berry 

 is the fruit of the species of Citrus, known as hesperidium, the pericarp of 

 which consists of a firm tough outer layer, and a pith-like inner layer ; from 

 the innermost layer of tissue of the wall of the plurilocular ovary pluricellular 

 protuberances are developed at an early stage, which gradually fill the cavity 

 of the loculi of the ovary as isolated closely packed succulent lobes of tissue 

 and form the pulp. 



4. Succulent dehiscent fruits : the succulent but not pulpy pericarp bursts and 



discharges the seeds, the seed-coat of which is usually strongly developed. 



The term succulent capsule might be applied to fruits in which the 

 succulent pericarp opens by valves and releases the seeds, as in Aesculus 

 and Impatiens. Corresponding with the drupe is the fruit of Juglans, in which 

 the outer succulent layer bursts, and a stony endocarp surrounds the seed 

 and its thin coat ; it is the tryma of authors and might be called a dehiscent 

 drupe. 



The fruit of Nuphar is more like the berry but is distinguished from it 

 by the bursting of the outer stout layer of the pericarp ; this in Nuphar 

 advena detaches an inner lining of each loculus of the fruit, which at first 

 floats on the water like a sac containing the seeds ; the fruit may be called a 

 dehiscent berry. 



The enumeration here given contains only the more common forms of fruits ; there 

 are a number besides, which do not fit into any of the above categories and do not bear 

 any special name *. 



The ripe seed depends for its external character on, the development of the 

 pericarp ; in general the seed-coat is thick, hard and firm, if the pericarp is soft, 

 especially if it bursts and discharges the seeds; but if the pericarp is tough and 

 woody and encloses the seeds till they germinate, as in the achene, nut, drupe and 

 mericarp of schizocarps, the seed-coat remains thin and soft, as it does when the 

 strongly developed endosperm becomes very hard and encloses the small embryo, as in 

 the date and in Phytelephas, etc. The seed-coat of the seeds of dehiscent fruits is 



1 For other recent attempts to classify fruits see reference by Vines in 2nd ed. of Engl. Transl. 

 of Sachs' Lehrb. p. 617, note. 



