454 



FOURTH GROUP. SEED-PLANTS. 



are arranged in whorls, and the flowers are therefore cyclic ; it is only in a com- 

 paratively small number of families, Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Calycanthaceae, 

 Nymphaeaceae, Nelumboneae, that they are all or some of them arranged spirally 

 (acyclic or hemicyclic). 



FIG. 382. Floral diagram 

 of Parnassia (Saxifraga- 

 ceae). 



FIG. 383. Floral diagram of Campa- 

 nulaceae. A Campanula, a Lobtlia. 



FIG. 381. Floral diagram 

 of Caprifoliaceae. A Leyces~ 

 teria. a Lonicera. b Synt- 

 phoricarpus. 



FIG 384. Floral diagram of Valerianeae. 

 A Valerian*. B Centranthus. 



FIG. 385. Floral diagram of 

 Cucttrbita. 



FIG. 386. Floral diagram of 

 Compositae. 



FIG. 387. Floral diagram of 

 some Rubiaceae. 



FIG 388. Floral diagram of 

 Plantagineae. 



FIG. 389. Floral diagram of 

 Oleaceae. 



FIG. 390. Floral diagram of 

 Menispermaceae. 



FiG. 391. Floral diagram of 

 Cinnamomum (Laurineae). 



The whorls of cyclic flowers are usually pentamerous, less frequently tetramerous, 

 and both kinds are met with in the same groups of allied plants; trimerous and 

 dimerous floral whorls or combinations of dimerous and tetramerous whorls are much 

 less common than pentamerous whorls, and are usually characteristic of smaller 

 groups in the natural system. Pentamerous or tetramerous flowers have usually 



beneath the diagrams are intended to indicate the number and cohesion of the carpels and also the 

 placentation of plants whose diagram is in other respects the same.' Sachs, IV. Ed. 



