THE HERBALISTS 19 



with long narrow-leafed forms like grasses, follows these 

 with broader-leafed bulbous plants, and finishes with 

 Dicotyledons, among which, however, he includes Ferns. 

 He followed this principle also in laying out Lord 

 Zouch's garden at Hackney, of which he had charge. 



It is well that you should bear in mind the important 

 part played by the garden in the early history of botany. 

 The author of a herbal was, indeed, usually also the 

 curator of a garden, sometimes a public one, but more 

 often one owned by some wealthy noble or squire. 

 Further, it was during the latter half of the sixteenth 

 century that University botanic gardens began to be 

 established and first of all in Italy. That of Padua was 

 founded in 1545, of Pisa in 1547, anc * f Bologna in 1567 ; 

 while later in the century other countries followed suit, 

 at Leyden in the Netherlands, Montpellier in France, and 

 Heidelberg in Germany. 



Towards the close of the sixteenth century there 

 flourished in the Netherlands a herbalist called Dodonaeus, 

 whose work Stirpium Historiae Pemptades Sex, published 

 in 1583, formed the basis of several of the English 

 herbals ; some indeed were frankly translations of the 

 Pemptades, such as those of Lyte, and, to a large extent, 

 of Gerard. 



The only other outstanding name in the botany of 

 this period is that of the Italian Caesalpino, whose De 

 Plantis appeared in 1583. In this work botany as the 

 study of plants is at last divorced from materia medica. 

 It is interesting to note that the idea of separating the 

 study of botany from medicine also occurred to contem- 

 poraries of Caesalpino. For instance, the little-known 

 Bohemian writer Zaluzianski, in 1592, "pleads for the 

 treatment of botany as a separate subject, and not as 

 a mere branch of medicine." As this was a very im- 

 portant departure, I think it worth while to quote his 

 own words as translated by Mrs. Arber in her inter- 

 esting book on Herbals. "It is customary to connect 



