670 MAMMALIA. 



mouth and bearing the salivary juice, whose ferment alters 

 the starchy parts of the food, are the ducts of four pairs of 

 salivary glands. The parotid, which is largest, lies between 

 the external ear chamber and the angle of the mandible ; 

 the infra-orbital lies below and in front of the eye ; the sub- 

 maxillary lies between the angles of the mandible ; the 

 sub-lingual lies along the inner side of each ramus of the 

 mandible. 



The pharynx passes into the gullet, and that leads through 

 the diaphragm to the expanded stomach, which is dilated at 

 its upper or cardiac end, and narrows to the curved pyloric 

 end. Partly covering the stomach is the large liver. The 

 first portion of the intestine, which is called the duodenum, 

 receives the bile duct, and has the pancreas in its folds. 

 Then follows the much coiled 

 small intestine measuring many 

 feet in length. The lower end 

 of the small intestine is ex- 

 panded into a sacculus rotun- 

 dus. Here the large caecum 

 a blind diverticulum is 

 given off; it ends in a finger- 

 like vermiform appendix. Its 

 proximal end is continuous 

 with the colon or first part 

 of the large intestine, the be- . FIG. 237. Diagram of caecum 

 ginning of which is much sac- m Rabblt 



CUlated. The large intestine J.z'., Small intestine ; s.r., sacculus 



, , rotundus ; col. , sacculated colon ; c., 



narrows into the long rectum cwmm ;.., venniform appendix. 



in which lie little faecal pellets. 



On the last two inches of the rectum there are paired 

 yellowish glands. Beside the anus are two perineal sacs of 

 skin, into which open the ducts of the perineal glands, 

 whose secretion has a characteristic and strong odour. 



The liver is attached to the diaphragm by a fold of peri- 

 toneum the glistening membrane which lines the abdo- 

 minal cavity. In the liver there are five lobes. From these 

 lobes the bile is collected by hepatic ducts into a common 

 bile duct, which is also connected to the gall bladder by the 

 cystic duct. 



The very diffuse pancreas lies in the mesentery of the 



