262 DISTURBANCES OF CIRCULATION 



v. Fodor 1 found that animals surviving infections showed an 

 increased blood alkalinity, whereas in those that died, the alka- 

 linity was decreased ; also, he found the resistance increased by 

 intravenous injections of alkalies. Other observers 2 have noted 

 a decrease in resistance after injecting acids into the blood. 

 According to Calabrese, the alkalinity of the blood increases in 

 immunization of animals against toxins, while Cantani found 

 the injection of toxin followed by a decrease in alkalinity. 

 Hamburger has shown that the bactericidal power of the blood 

 may be increased in vitro by shaking it with CO 2 , as a result 

 of the increased alkalinity, aided, perhaps, by some slight 

 bactericidal power of the CO 2 itself; he also found the blood 

 more strongly bactericidal in venous congestion than normally, 

 and the lymph from a congested part was also found more 

 strongly bactericidal than normal lymph. Hamburger 3 has 

 also found, however, that chemotaxis is, if anything, slightly 

 decreased under the influence of CO 2 , as also is phagocytosis ; 

 large amounts of CO 2 may reduce the phagocytic power for coal 

 particles by 2550 per cent. Hamburger's results as to the 

 bactericidal power of human blood in venous stasis have been 

 more recently confirmed by Laqueur. 4 



The blood in the veins and capillaries in passive congestion 

 is generally richer in corpuscles than normal, perhaps because 

 of some loss of water, 5 although this is not constant, apply- 

 ing particularly to more recent or more local processes ; in 

 long-continued stasis, as in congenital heart disease, the blood 

 may be diluted. 6 In the concentrated blood of passive con- 

 gestion the corpuscles may number six to eight millions per 

 cubic millimeter, while the concentration of the solids of the 

 serum may be at the same time reduced (Krehl). The viscosity 

 of such blood is higher than that of normal blood. 7 



THROMBOSIS 



The chemistry of thrombosis in most respects resolves itself 

 into the chemistry of fibrin formation, a subject which is so ex- 

 tensively considered in most treatises on physiological chemistry 

 and physiology that it does not seem desirable to give here 



1 Cent f. Bakt.,1890(7), 753. 



2 Literature, see Hamburger (toe. cit), p. 281. 



3 Virchow's Arch., 1899 (156), 329. 

 4 Zeit. exp. Path. u. Therap., 1905 (1), 670. 

 5 Grawitz, Deut. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1895 (54), 588. 



6 See Krehl, " Pathologische Physiologic," 1904, p. 201. 



7 Determann, Zeit. klin. Med., 1906 (59), H. 2-4. 



