18 TOPOGRAPHY 



the rock after it was originally moulded by the Divine 

 hand, proceeds to account for its peculiar, fantastic 

 and varied appearances, in nearly the following 

 words : 



" We have thus clear evidence of at least four 

 upheavals. First, that which elevated the upper 

 part of the rock to an angle of 18 or 20, followed by 

 a lengthened period of repose, during which the older 

 portion of the sand-stone of Catalan Bay and Martin's 

 Cave must have been deposited. The second is that 

 which elevated the middle portion of the rock to an 

 angle of 36. The third, which elevated the southern 

 peak, on which is situated O'Hara's tower, to an 

 angle of 60. And the fourth, that which raised the 

 Windmill Hill and Europa-flat." 



How far this novel view of the geological history 

 of the rock is consonant with established facts, I leave 

 to the judgment of the learned body to whom the 

 paper was submitted, satisfying myself with saying, 

 that it is exceedingly probable that more than one 

 force has given the rock its present configuration, of 

 course not supposing these forces acted solely upon so 

 limited a space as the rock of Gibraltar, but that these 

 different angles of position are the results of opera- 

 tions which are also evident in many parts of the 

 sierras of Spain and Africa. 



I believe it was Mr. Smith, who, for the first time, 

 clearly demonstrated the rocky eminences or flats, on 

 which the naval and ordnance hospitals are built, to 

 be " landslips." Mr. S. is also of opinion that the 

 precipice which overhangs the town is of the same 



