182 THE BOOK OF THE LANDED ESTATE. 



The kind of pipe best adapted for general drainage operations is, in my 

 pinion, as shown in fig. 64. Different kinds are used, as shown in fig. G5, 



Fia. 64. FIQ. 65. 



X' 



'and especially an egg-shaped kind, which stands higher, and is narrower 

 at the bottom than fig. 64. -Stability is of great importance in a drain- 

 pipe, and this can only be attained by having a broad bottom, as in 

 fie. 64. Pipes with collars are also very safe to use. The collars pre- 

 vent earth getting into the pipes at the joints. The implements used in 

 cutting ordinary drains in England are shown in fig. 66. 



Cost of Draining Implements. 



No. 



1. Common spade, usually costing . .056 



2. Mattock, 056 



3. Narrow draining-spade or spit, . . 7 >' 



4. Drawing-scoop for cleaning bottom of drain 



previous to pipe being laid, . . . 040 



5. Pushing-scoop for same purpose, . . 040 



6. Shovel for filling in drains, . . . 036 



7. Foot-pick for removing stones and hard soil, 076 



8. Fork for lifting lumps of clay and filling in 



drains, 036 



9. Pick, 050 



10. Tile-hook for laying pipes in the drains, . 016 



Besides the list of implements given, another small one is used. 

 This is called the " tile-pick." It is made in the form of a small pick, 

 having one end pointed, and the other broad like a mattock. This is 

 used for making holes in the sides of drain-pipes, so as to admit of one 

 pipe entering into the side of another, as in the case of a small-drain pipe 

 being made to join into a main-drain pipe. 



The table on p. 184 shows the probable cost of draining land of dif- 

 ferent qualities of soil and at different distances apart. The quality of 

 the soil affects the cost of drainage in a great degree, as some soils are 

 more easily dug than others ; and the stiff or open nature of the soil and 

 subsoil, as the case may be, requires a greater or less depth of drains. 

 Very stiff soil is of course difficult to remove, and consequently a 

 greater expense is incurred. The greater the depth of drains made, the 



