234 



THE BOOK OF THE LANDED ESTATE. 



coulter. The coulter is a bar of iron, of the best scrap, about two and a 

 half inches long and three and a half inches broad and one and a quarter 

 inch thick. At the bottom it is forged with a flange fitted to receive 

 the attachment of the body of the sock, and fastened by three screws, so 

 that it may be taken off and repaired. To the hind part of the sock the 

 tail-board is fixed by clamp and screw-bolt." 



In employing this implement, another plough, also constructed by the 

 Marquess of Tweeddale, goes first, with two or four horses, as the nature 

 of the ground may require. Then follows the subsoil-plough, tearing up 

 the soil in the bottom furrows of the first plough. Land can be trenched 

 to a great depth by this means. 



I have used a plough for some years manufactured by the Messrs 

 Howard of Bedford, and found it very useful both in reclaiming new 

 land and in deepening and stirring land which has been in cultiva- 

 tion. Fig. 89 is a sketch of -the one I refer to. "With four horses it 



FIG. 89. 



FIQ. 90. 



will plough to a depth of one foot. The mould-board can be unscrewed 

 and taken off, and a subsoil body put on, as shown in fig. 90. The 



cost of these implements are for 

 the plough, 4, 17s. 6d. ; and for 

 the subsoiling body, 17s. 6d. It 

 is, however, better to have two of 

 these ploughs, and also two subsoil 

 |^\^ bodies, when the subsoiling-plough 



[^_~-^ r - should be put in the same furrow 

 following the other plough, and 

 thus it can be stirred up to a greater depth. 



The ploughing and subsoiling of a portion of moorland on this estate 

 with Howard's ploughs, as described, cost about 4 per imperial acre. 



SECTION 5. The Reclamation of Waste Lands by Steam-Pcnver. 



I am not aware that steam-power has been much employed in stirring 

 up waste lands with a view to reclamation. Where there are no large 



