THE WATER-SUPPLY OF LANDED ESTATES. 313 



comes from a lake, stream, or darn, as the case may be. The water is 

 led to the chamber b b. A valve d d is made, which, when the chamber 

 b b is empty, remains open by falling down ; but as soon as the water 

 rushes down the supply-pipe, it closes the valve d d, and at the same 

 time the water raises another valve at e, which operates the opposite way 

 to the valve d d, and then the water passes into the air-vessel//; and 

 upon the water entering the part //, it receives the pressure of the air, 

 which causes the valve e to shut, and which in turn causes the valve d d 

 to fall down, and this allows the water to escape from the part b b. A 

 reaction then takes place, when the flowing water again acquires a force 

 as at first, which closes the valve d d, and opens the other valve e, and 

 the water again rushes into the air-vessel //. This action goes on con- 

 stantly, resulting in a regular opening and shutting of the two valves 

 alternately, the water being thus forced up the pipe g g to the required 

 height, c c shows the position of the block of wood or stone to which 

 the ram is fixed. 



The hydraulic ram, as described, will be found a most useful appar- 

 atus for raising water to any height or distance, only it is necessary to 

 have a fall of water from the stream or lake to the ram itself, in order 

 to give it a sufficient force for working the valves. 



In giving estimates for the cost of erecting and completing an 

 apparatus of this kind, it is necessary to find the following par- 

 ticulars : 



1st, The fall in feet which can be obtained from a lake, river, stream, 

 or from whatever source of supply. 



2d, The horizontal distance from the source of supply to the place 

 where it is wished to convey the water. 



3d, The elevation to which it is required to raise the water. 



4th, The quantity of water required to .be raised in a given time that 

 is to say, the number of gallons per minute. 



The greater the fall from the source of supply to the ram, the greater 

 will be the height to which it can be raised. Under general circum- 

 stances, a fall of one foot from the source of supply to the ram will raise 

 the water ten feet in height. Messrs Clinton & Owens, of White- 

 friars Street, Fleet Street, London, also manufacture hydraulic rams, 

 which raise water thirty feet in height for every one of fall. 



It will be understood, from what I have already stated in regard to 

 estimates for this apparatus, that no precise statement of cost can be 

 stated, inasmuch as local circumstances altogether control the strength 

 of ram required and the length of piping necessary. It is, however, not 

 expensive ; and, as an example, I may state the following particulars 

 relative to one which we purpose fixing on tKis estate. The fall to the 



