394 



THE BOOK OF THE LANDED ESTATE. 



When the pruner cannot reach a branch from the ground with his 

 Fw 114 ^ife or hand-saw, then we use the chisel, fig. 114, or the pole- 

 saw, fig. 115, as the case may require. 



The chisel is used by holding it to the part to be cut, and 



Fio. 115. 



giving it a stroke on the end of the handle so as to drive it 



through the branch. 



The pole-saw is useful in removing branches larger than 



can be safely cut with the chisel, and also in taking off 



any dead branches. Any length of pole can be attached to 



either chisel or pole-saw. 

 Fig. 116 is a form of pruning-shears we have had for some time, 

 and which are very useful for cutting small branches in the tops of 

 trees that require checking. They have handles attached of any length 

 requisite. 



FIG. 116. 



FIO. 117. 



Fig. 117 is called the averuncator, from the Latin averunco, to prune. 

 It consists of a double blade, the one being fixed and the other movable ; 

 these are attached to a handle of any requisite length. The movable 

 blade is made to operate by a lever power, and this is done by means 



