APPENDIX. 495 



The peculiarity of this engine is, that the hoiler is placed across the frame- 

 work of the engine, instead of being lengthwise, as in the ordinary engines ; 

 this is an excellent arrangement to avoid displacement of the water in the 

 hoiler. The engine is placed on three wheels only, instead of four, as in ordi- 

 nary cases. By this arrangement of the wheels the engine stands better on 

 unlevel ground. The steerage of the engine is affected by working on the 

 front wheel, and in this way it can be turned in a very small space. 



These engines are not only useful as traction-engines on common roads, 

 and as ploughing-engines, but they are equally useful for thrashing purposes, 

 stone-breaking, and sawing. 



In ploughing they can be used either in the double system with two engines, 

 or in the single system with one engine. 



The cost of these engines for a twelve-horse power, suitable for traction- 

 work, and fitted with winding-drums, and with the necessary steel-wire rope, 

 steam cultivator, and all the necessary apparatus for ploughing is 800 ; 

 a twelve-horse-power engine for traction-work alone is 475. 



In Plate III. is shown an engraving of Howard's double-action steam culti- 

 vator. This is a very useful implement. They are made with tines numbering 

 from one to seven, as thought desirable. These tines are made broad at the 

 base, and have prongs placed in them which very effectually loosen the soil. 

 These implements are not only useful in scarifying the surface, but are also 

 valuable for subsoiling. Their cost varies from 21 to 45, according to the 

 number of tines placed in them. 



PLATE IV. 

 CBOPPING-MAP. 



This is a map kept for entering the rotation of cropping on a farm. A plan 

 of each farm on the estate should be sketched out, on which the cropping 

 should be entered. We have the plans made out on cloth-paper, and all 

 bound together so as to form a book ; and we protect these with thin pliable 

 covers, so as to make the map -book easily carried about on the estate for 

 reference. This form of cropping-map is very useful to the agent or land- 

 steward who has to look after the rotations of the different farms on an estate. 

 It is handy, and shows at a glance under what crop any field should be at any 

 time. Many agents have a series of columns for entering the cropping of a 

 farm, but we can recommend the entering of the crop on a sketch of the field 

 as being very useful and convenient. See the Gropping-Map. 



