CHAPTER XIV 

 MODELS AND MAPS 



BEFORE dealing with the relations of rocks to landscape, it is 

 necessary that the means used for recording and representing 

 the latter should be known and appreciated. What is needed 

 is something which shall bring the features of a countryside 

 into a small compass, so that its broad aspect can be seen at a 

 glance and either compared with similar features in other dis- 

 tricts or contrasted with different types. For such a purpose 

 it is clear that the representation must be on a smaller and more 

 manageable scale than the original landscape ; and yet the pro- 

 portion of parts must be exactly preserved. Thus the idea of 

 scale stands at the head of this branch of the subject, and it is 

 worth a considerable sacrifice of time to secure a proper com- 

 prehension of the principle. 



A postage stamp might be ruled into quarters or sixteenths, 

 and then copied by photography, the copies being on the scales 

 one-half, twice, and four times, the original. An inch divided into 

 eighths or tenths might be photographed by the side of the stamp. 

 Pictures and photographs of houses or features familiar to pupils 

 may next be used. They too should be on one or two scales, 

 the relation of the scales being shown by lines ruled on the negative 

 or positive from which the copies are taken. Pictures, however, 

 can only give one point of view, all that is behind the objects 

 being out of the picture and invisible. For the purpose we have 

 in view it is requisite that all should be visible, and that we 

 should be able to see everything from all possible points of 

 view. 



A model is the obvious way of securing this end, and every 

 school ought to possess one or two models of a country with fair 

 relief, and executed with sufficient accuracy to show the landscape 

 not merely with the aspect of a mud-pie, but with the features 



