MODELS AND MAPS 131 



presenting some approximation to their real shape. The model of 

 the Weald (Fig. 64) is ideal in this respect, but others are now to 

 be had (Fig. 34). In default of actual models photographs of them 

 may be used, but these are usually for some reason rather un- 

 satisfactory, and it is worth some trouble and expense to secure 

 at least one really good model. Above all, the fancy and almost 

 comic models of an earlier generation should be abjured. Need- 

 less to say, if the features in the school neighbourhood are in sharp 

 relief, and a model of them can be constructed or obtained, so that 

 the original may be compared with the model, this is best of all ; 

 and there can be no better way of imparting an idea of scale. 

 Heights must necessarily be exaggerated two or three times, 

 but the vertical scale must not be more than five times the 

 horizontal, or the model becomes too unreal. There will be 

 no need to point out the difference in vertical and horizontal 

 scales at this stage ; that can be left till later on, when the 

 general character and purpose of the model are thoroughly 

 understood. 



The study of the model will demonstrate the advantage of 

 the vertical point of view, and will show that, although to 

 give an idea of the shape of the different features it is neces- 

 sary to look at each from several points of approximately 

 horizontal view, some notion of the forms may be gained 

 from the vertical view-point when the model is obliquely 

 illuminated. 



The next step is from model to map. A photograph of the 

 model should be taken from the vertical view-point, by placing 

 the model on its side and illuminating it as nearly as possible 

 perpendicularly to its surface, so as to eliminate shadow as much 

 as possible. A blue-print of this photograph should be made, and 

 all the features expressed on the model by lines, such as streams, 

 coasts, lake margins, and the human topography, roads, canals, 

 railways, towns, woods, fields, etc., copied over in Indian ink. 

 The copy should be immersed in a solution of oxalate of potash 

 to discharge the blue and leave nothing but the ink lines. This 

 will then serve as a map of the country shown in the model, and its 

 use and functions can be demonstrated. The map should be copied 

 on a larger and on a smaller scale, and, where the model is of the 



