104 



INDEX. 



with the saliva. 38. Effects of its temperature 

 and density, dry ness, &c., in respiration, 14, 15. 



Albumen. Animal and vegetable albumen identi- 

 cal, 22. 23. Their composition, 87, 93. Ve- 

 getable albumen, how obtained, 22. Is a com- 

 pound of proteine, and in organic composition 

 identical with fibrine and caseine, 36, 37. Exists 

 in the yolk as well as the white of eggs, 37. 

 Also in the serum of the blood, 21. Is the true 

 starting point of all the animal tissues, 37. 



Alcohol. Is hurtful to carnivorous savages, 56. 

 Its mode of action : checks the change of mat- 

 ter, 72. In cold climates serves as an element 

 of respiration, 16. 



Aldehyde. Its composition; how related to that 

 of acetic acid, 80, 81. 



Alkalies. Mineral alkalies essential both to ve- 

 getable and animal life, 52. Vegetable alkalies 

 all contain nitrogen, all act on the nervous sys- 

 tem, and are all poisonous in a moderate dose, 

 56, 57. Theory of their action : they take a 

 share in the transformation or production of 

 nervous matter, for which they are adapted by 

 their composition, 57 59. Action of caustic 

 alkalies on bile, or choleic acid, 44. 



Allantoine. Is found in the urine of the fcetal 

 calf. How derived from proteine. How re- 

 lated to uric acid and urea, 46. How related 

 to choleic acid, 47. Its composition, 98. 



Allen and Pepys. Their calculation of the amount 

 of inspired oxygen, 82. 



Alloxan. Formed by the oxidation of uric acid, 

 45. Converted by oxidation into oxalic acid 

 and urea/oxaluric and parabanic acids, or car- 

 bonic acid and urea, 45. How related to tau- 

 rine, 50. Seems to act as a diuretic. Recom- 

 mended for experiment in hepatic diseases, 45. 

 (note.) 



Almonds, Bitter. Oil of. Its composition; how 

 related to benzoic acid, 81. 



Ammonia. Combined with uric acid it forms the 

 urine of serpents, birds, &c., 24. Its relation 

 to choleic, choloidic, and cholic acids, 44. Is 

 one of the products which may be formed by 

 the oxidation of blood, 45; or of proteine, 48. 

 Its relation to uric acid, urea, and taurine, 49. 

 To allantoine and taurine, 49. To alloxan and 

 taurine, 49. To choleic and choloidic acid and 

 taurine, 50. To urea, water, and carbonic 

 acid, 51. Is found in combination with acids 

 in the urine of the carnivora, 52. 



Analysis. Of dry blood, 82, 96. Of dried flesh, 

 96. Of faeces, 83. Of black bread, 83. Of 

 potatoes, 83. Of peas, 83. Of beans, 83. Of 

 lentils, 83. Of fresh meat, 83. Of moist 

 bread, 83. Of moist potatoes, 83. Of the 

 fibrine and albumen of blood, 87, 94. Of ve- 

 getable fibrine and albumen, vegetable caseine 

 and gluten, 88. Of animal caseine, 88. Of 

 starch, 88. Of grape or starch sugar, 88. Of 

 sugar of milk, 89. Of gum, 89. Of oats, 89. 

 Of hay, 89. Of fat, 90. Of cane-sugar, 90. 

 Of cholesterine, 90. Of wax, 92. Of cyanic 

 acid, cyanuric acid, and cyamelide, 92. Of 

 aldehyde, metaldehyde, and elaldehyde, 92. Of 

 proteine, 93. Of albumen from the yolk and 

 white of egg, 93. Of lactic acid, 93. Of gas 

 from the stomach of cows after eating to ex- 

 cess, 93. Of gas from stomach and intestines 

 of executed criminals, 93. Of gelatinous tis- 

 sues, 94. Of tissues containing chondrine, 95. 



Of arterial membrane, 95. Of horny tissues, 

 95. Of the lining membrane of the egg, 95. 

 Of feathers, 95. Of the pigmentum nigrum, 95. 

 Of choleic acid, 96. Of taurine, 96. Of cho- 

 loidic acid, 96. Of cholic acid, 98. Of uric 

 acid, 98. Of alloxan, 98. Of urea, 98. Of 

 hippuric acid, 98. Of allantoine, 98. Ofxan 

 thic oxide, 99. Of cystic oxide, 99. Of ox- 

 alic acid, 99. Of oxaluric acid, 99. Of para 

 banic acid, 99. Of roasted flesh, 100. Ot 

 Jithofellic acid, 100. Of solanine, 100. Of 

 picrotoxine, 100. Of quinine, 100. Of moi- 

 phia, 101. Of caffeine, theine, or guaranine, 

 101. Oftheobromine,101. Of asparagine, 101. 



Animal Heat. Derived from the combination of 

 oxygen with the carbon and hydrogen of the 

 metamorphosed tissues, which proceed ulti- 

 mately from the food, 15. Is highes-t in those 

 animals whose respiration is most active, 15. 

 Is the same in man in all climates, 15, 16. Is 

 kept up by the food in proportion to amount 

 of external cooling, 16. Is not produced either 

 by any direct influence of the nerves, or by 

 muscular contractions, 18, 19. Its amount in 

 man, 19. Chemical action the sole source of it, 

 20. The formation of fat -from starch or sugar 

 must produce heat, 34. The elements of the 

 bile, by combining with oxygen, serve chiefly 

 to produce it, 26. 



Animal Life. Distinguished from vegetable life 

 by the absorption of oxygen, and the produc- 

 tion of carbonic acid, 11. Must not be con- 

 founded with consciousness, 12. Conditions 

 necessary to animal life, 13, 14. Depends on 

 an equilibrium between waste and supply, 72, 

 74, 75. 



Antiseptics. They act by putting a stop to fer- 

 mentation, putrefaction, or other forms of meta- 

 morphosis, 54. Their action on wounds and 

 ulcers, 41. 



Arteries. Composition of their tunica media, 95. 

 How derived from proteine, 42. 



Arterial Blood. Conveys oxygen to every part 

 of the body, 26, 77. Contains a compound of 

 iron, most probably peroxide, 77. Yields oxygen 

 in passing through the capillaries, 26, 79. Con- 

 tains carbonic acid dissolved or combined with 

 soda, 79. 



Asparagine. Its composition, 101. Its relation to 

 taurine and bile, 56. Theory of its action on 

 the bile, 57. 



Assimilation. In animals it is independent of ex- 

 ternal influences, 11. Depends on the presence 

 in the blood of compounds of proteine, such as 

 fibrine, albumen, or caseine, 21. Is more ener- 

 getic in the young than in the adult animal, 27. 

 Is also more energetic in the herbivora than in 

 the carnivora, 31. 



Atmosphere. See Air. 



Azotized Products. Of vegetable life, 55 57. 

 Of the metamorphosis of tissues. Necessary 

 for the formation of bile in the herbivora, 51. 

 In man, 53. May be replaced by azotized ve- 

 getable compounds, 54. Theory of this, 56 

 57. Of the transformation of the bile, or of 

 choleic acid; how related to the constituents of 

 urine, 50. 



B. 



Beans. Composition of, 83. 



Beer. Forms part of the diet of soldiers in Ger 

 many, 83, 85. 



