SPIDERS. 367 



from the thorax, and has eleven to twelve segments. The chelicerse 

 are simply clawed, but are poisonous ; the pedipalps are simply clawed 

 or else truly chelate. The first pair of limbs are like antennae. 

 Respiration is by two pairs of abdominal lung-sacs. In T/ielyphonus 

 there is a long terminal whip. 



Order 4. PHALANGIM; (or OPILIONINA). "Harvest-men," e.g. 

 Phalangium 



The small, spider-like "harvest-men" are noted for their extremely 

 long legs, by which they stalk slowly along, avoiding the glare of day. 

 The broad six-segmented abdomen is not constricted off from the 

 unsegmented cephalothorax ; the chelicerse are chelate ; the pedipalps 

 are like legs. Respiration is by tubular tracheae. The harvest-men 

 do not trouble us, but feed on small insects. 



Order 5. SOLPUGIM: or SOLIFUG^E, e.g. Gakodes or Solpuga 



Active, pugnacious, venomous, nocturnal animals, found in the 

 warmer parts of the earth. The head and abdomen are distinct from 

 the thorax. The thorax has three segments, the abdomen nine or ten. 

 The chelicerae are large and chelate, the pedipalps like long legs. The 

 respiration is by means of tubular tracheae. The presence of distinct 

 segments on the thorax is remarkable. 



Several other small orders of Arachnids must be recognised, e.g. 

 Palpigradi for a very interesting minute form, Kcenenia, with the last 

 two joints of the cephalothorax free, and with an abdomen of eleven 

 segments ending in a long-jointed whip. 



Order 6. ARANEID^E. Spiders 



Spiders are found almost everywhere upon the earth, 

 and a few are at home in fresh water, e.g. Argyroneta^ and 

 on the seashore, e.g. Desis> Desidiopsis. Most of them 

 live on the juices of insects, and many form webs in which 

 their victims are snared. They may be divided, accord- 

 ing to habit, into the wanderers who spin little, and the 

 sedentary forms who spin much. 



The body of a spider is very distinctly divided into two 

 parts : the cephalothorax and the abdomen, connected by 

 a narrow waist. The chitinous cuticle varies in hardness, 

 hairiness, and colouring ; it has, as usual, to be moulted 

 as the spider grows. Thus the young garden spider moults 

 eight times in its first year. 



There are six pairs of appendages 



i. The two-jointed chelicerse or falces, whose terminal joint or fang 



