788 MAMMALIA. 



Examples. The howling monkeys (Mycetes or Alotiata), with 

 diverticula from the larynx and enormously dilated hyoid, 

 protected by the expanded mandibles ; the sakis (Pithecia), 

 with very long non-prehensile tail ; the spider-monkey (Ateles), 

 with exceedingly prehensile tail and a thumbless hand ; the 

 capuchins (Cebtis], often imported into Europe. 



Family 3. CERCOPITHECID^E ( = Cynomorph Catarrhina). 

 Old World Monkeys 



The Old World monkeys are plantigrade quadrupeds, 

 and the snout or muzzle often justifies the term Cynomorph 

 or dog-like. Besides the general Catarrhine characters, 

 the following are noteworthy : The sternum is long and 

 narrow; there are 19-20 dorso-lumbar vertebrae; the 

 foramen magnum is directed backwards ; the arms are 

 shorter than the legs ; the hairs of the arm are all directed 

 towards the hand ; the skin forms callosities, often brightly 

 coloured over the ischia ; there are usually cheek-pouches ; 

 the caecum is conical and without a vermiform appendix. 



In the sub-family Cercopithecinse there are cheek-pouches, the 

 stomach is simple, and the fore- and hind- limbs are almost equal. 



Examples. The African baboons (Cynocephalus or Papio\ e.g. the 

 mandrill (C. matmon), notable for the bright colours of the 

 face and hips in the adult males ; the macaques (Macacus], all 

 Asiatic except the tailless Barbary ape (M. inuus) of N. Africa 

 and Gibraltar ; the African Gercopithicus. 



In the sub-family Semnopithecinse there are no cheek-pouches, the 

 stomach is sacculated in a complex fashion, and the hind-limbs are 

 longer than the fore-limbs. 



Examples. The sacred Indian apes (Semnopithecus}, the African 

 Colobus, and the proboscis monkey (Nasalis) of Borneo. 



Family 4. ANTHROPOMORPHID^E or SIMIID^E ( = Anthropo- 

 morph Catarrhina). Anthropoid Apes 



This family includes the Gibbons (Hylobates\ the Orang 

 (Simia), the Chimpanzees (Anthropopithecus\ and the Gorilla 

 (Gorilla). As they are most like man, they are called 

 Anthropoid. 



Along with the general Catarrhine characters the following 

 are noteworthy : The sternum is short and broad ; there 

 are 16-18 dorso-lumbar vertebrae; the arms are longer than 

 the legs ; the hairs of the upper arm are directed down- 



