dense growth and attains a height of from forty to fifty feet 

 in twenty years. It does well upon all except very dry soils 

 or soils containing alkali. It is easily and cheaply started 

 from cuttings and never needs replanting, as it starts readily 

 from the stumps. If several rows of willow are planted at 

 a distance of eight feet apart, they will furnish a liberal sup- 

 ply of posts and fuel for an indefinite period. The young 

 trees are subject to attack by caterpillars and the larvae of 

 a sawfly, but these may be killed by spraying with Paris green. 

 The white willow is a native of the old world, where it ranges 

 over large parts of Europe and Asia and even into northern 

 Africa. Like most species having a wide range, it has a 

 number of forms varying more or less from each other in ex- 

 ternal appearance, rate of growth and hardiness. One of 

 the most striking of these different forms is cultivated under 

 the name of golden Russian willow. The bark, especially in 

 winter, is a deep red gold in color. The tree is more bushy 

 than the ordinary type of the white willow and grows some- 

 what faster. It will not stand extremes of temperature so 

 well and is apt to be killed back by warm spells in winter 

 from the loss of moisture through its rather thin bark. In 

 spite of these drawbacks, it gives general satisfaction and is 

 very largely planted, especially where a narrow windbreak of 

 only one or two rows is required. It branches close to the 

 ground and for that reason it may be planted to advantage as 

 the north row along with ash and elm. 



There are a number of the smaller trees or large shrubs, 

 like the choke cherry, wild plum, and wild thorn, that may be 

 used along the outside of a windbreak to insure a dense growth 

 close to the ground. 



The most perfect windbreaks are naturally made by the 

 planting of evergreens, but owing to their slower growth and 

 the difficulty in getting them started, they have not thus far 

 been very generally planted. 



Cut No. 4 shows a very fine shelter belt of Norway spruce 

 growing at the Agricultural College. The trees are now 

 twenty-five feet in height and about twenty-five years old. 

 They are entirely hardy and need only protection from the 

 sun while young, to make them a safe tree to plant. They 

 should be set about eight feet apart and protected at first by 

 box-elders set a few feet away on the south or west, depend- 

 ing on the direction of the rows. Those shown in the cut 

 are planted in north and south rows, protected on one side by 



