156 TREES OF MINNESOTA. 



White Spruce is a safer tree for general planting. Since it 

 is more difficult to obtain the seed of the White Spruce it is 

 probable that the Norway Spruce will continue to be planted. 

 The wood of Norway Spruce is much used in Europe and is 

 largely grown there for timber. The young branches are used 

 in making the essence of spruce as described under Black 

 Spruce. The bark is used to a considerable extent in Europe 

 for tanning purposes. 



Genus TSUGA. 

 A genus of but a single species in our section. 



Tsuga canadensis. Hemlock. 



Leaves linear, flat, j? inch long, obtuse, whitened beneath, 

 short petioled and diverging from the sides of the branchlet 

 so as to make it appear flattened, falling during second and 

 third years. Cones small, scarcely longer than the leaves, 

 pendent from the tips of the branches of the preceding year, 

 persistent, with inconspicuous bracts: seeds quite small with 

 thin wings, maturing the first year. A large graceful tree. 

 There are several horticultural varieties in cultivation. 



Distribution. Prom Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south 

 as far as Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama. 

 Scarcely found in Minnesota though common near its eastern 

 borders in Wisconsin. A few specimens are found near Clo- 

 quet, and perhaps occasionally elsewhere near the eastern 

 boundary. 



Propagation. The species by seeds and the varieties by 

 grafting on the species. 



Properties of wood. Light, soft, brittle, coarse grained and 

 not very easily worked; color very light red or brown with 

 still lighter colored sapwood. Specific gravity 0.4239: weight 

 of a cubic foot 26.42 pounds. 



Uses. The Hemlock is unsafe for general planting in this 

 section, as it is very liable to injury from cold winds and 

 drouth, but in extreme eastern Minnesota on moist soil and 

 in protected locations it has proved desirable for ornamental 

 planting. The wood of the Hemlock is used for framing and 

 general construction purposes where fine finish is not needed. 

 It is loose and warps badly when exposed. The bark is used 



