COPPICE-UNDER-STANDARDS 



97 



of 15 to 20 years the coppice is necessarily short-boled. Broilliard there- 

 fore concludes that the rotation for a coppice-under-standards should 

 be 30 to 40 years or more unless the soil is very rich, but unless repeat- 

 edly freed the oak shows a tendency to disappear. 



It is becoming more and more popular, with the decrease in fuel 

 values, to plant conifers in coppice-under-standards, especially on 

 rather thin soils and where there are considerable blanks. According 

 to Jolyet, such species, to make their introduction a success, should 

 have the following qualities: (1) Rapid gi'owth, especially during the 

 initial years when there is competition with the rapidly growing coppice; 

 (2) intolerance (or at least not tolerant); (3) light-foliaged crown; (4) 

 hardiness (especially against late frosts); (5) must be windfirm. Not- 

 withstanding these rules the species most frequently introduced are: 

 (Locusts) Austrian pine, (birch) Scotch pine, white pine, alder, larch, 

 and spruce. The spruce is clearly neither hght-foliaged nor wind- 

 firm. 



In the third conservation the financial yield of the coppice-under- 

 standards has been classified,!^ according to the soil, into six groups : 



TABLE 



COPPICE-UNDER-STANDARDS 



I. — "Calmatages' 



II. — Sandy clay . . . 



III. 



IV. 



V. 



VI. 



"Maris " 



Clay 



Calcareous marl. 

 Rocky 



Rotation, 

 years 



20-25 

 40 



32-38 

 32-36 



32 



Annual 



average 



net 



yield, 



per 



acre 



$4.63 

 3.01 

 2.54 

 3.09 



0.85 



Communal forests 



Rotation, 

 years 



20-26 

 20-27 

 20-29 

 20-30 

 24-36 



Annual 



average 



net 



yield, 



per 



acre 



$2.54 up 

 3.01 

 1.62 

 0.93 

 0.46 



Annual 

 average 

 net yield 

 on 25-year 

 rotation, 

 per acre 



Coppice 



$2.54 

 2.16 



1.38 



0.93 

 0.70 

 0.39 



The coppice-under-standards system is typical of France but is 

 merely a weak compromise between the high forest (the forest of the 

 future) and the coppice (the forest of the charcoal and cordwood age 

 which is past). French writers, like Broilliard, show clearly that it 

 pays to hold good trees over as reserves, by citing the value of a IR 

 standard as 20 cents, a 2R standard as $2, a 3R standard as $8, and 

 a 4R to 5R standard as $20, without taking into consideration the 

 damage the standards do the coppice, for, as a rule, the better the stand- 



1^ Traitement et Amenagement d'un Taillis sousFutaie, M. A. Mathey, 1909. S. F. 

 111. 



