IMPORTANT FOREST SPECIES 



407 



pine, and Scotch pine. It can even be treated under the selection system adapted to 

 these other species. In pastures at high elevations, when retained in groups, it protects 

 the cattle and at the same time furnishes excellent products. . . . 



ALEPPO PINE 



(Pinus halepensis) 



Soil and Climate. — This Mediterranean species is very liable to damage from 

 winter frosts. . . . It is confined to the limestone soils of the temperate Provence. 

 It grows satisfactorily on rocky slopes stripped of vegetation and scorched by the sun. 



Tolerance. — The seedling is very hardy but intolerant. On account of its drought- 

 resisting qualities it is a very valuable tree. 



Root System and Seeding. — The tap root is the dominant root, but the laterals 

 are well developed and, unfortunate^, remain shallow. Aleppo pine bears abundant 

 seed at an early period and it is characterized by the persistence of the open cones, which 

 remain attached to the branch for an indefinite period. 



Growth Longevity. — The aleppo pine has quite a rapid growth, nevertheless it does 

 not exceed the size of a secondary species. Toward 20 years it forms a tree with a 

 slender, sweeping bole; when the growth slows up at an advanced age the crown increases 

 in size and becomes umbrella-shaped like the stone pine {Pinus pinea) . 



Wood and Its Uses. — The wood, of mediocre quality, is, nevertheless, used con- 

 siderably by carpenters, and furnishes quite a good deal of saw timber for packing boxes 

 and crates. As a fire wood it is valuable for certain kinds of factories. 



Silvicultural Characteristics. — Aleppo pine is usually not found pure. Ordinarily it 

 forms forests where grazing is allowed, in mixture with holm oak and other broadleaf 

 trees. These are managed as coppice, with the aleppo pine reserved until it reaches 

 merchantable dimensions. Under these conditions the tree regenerates very early. 



TREES, SHRUBS, AND PLANTS USED IN REFORESTATION IN THE 

 MOUNTAINS 



Large-leaved linden (Tilia platyphyllos). 

 Sycamore maple {Acer pseudo-platanus) . 

 Tree of heaven {Ailanthus glandulosa) . 

 Locust {Rohinia pseudacacia) . 

 Scotch laburnum {Laburnum vulgare). 

 Sweet cherry {Cerasus avium). 

 Mahaleb cherry {Cerasus mahaleb). 

 Whitebeam {Sorbus aria). 

 Mountain ash {Sorbus aucuparia). 

 Common ash {Fraxinus excelsior). 

 Scotch elm {Ulmus montana). 

 Beech {Fagus sylvatica). 

 Chestnut {Castanea sativa). 

 Sessile oak {Quercus robur sessiliflora) . 

 Holm oak {Quercus ilex). 

 Hop-hornbeam {Ostrya carpinfolia) . 

 Silver birch {Belula verrucosa). 

 Black alder {Alnus glutinosa). 

 Grey alder {Ahius incana). 



Green alder {Alnus viridis). 



Willow {Salix). 



White poplar {Populus alba). 



Aspen poplar {Populus tremula). 



Black poplar {Populus nigra). 



Upright cypress {Cupressus sempervirens) . 



Silver fir {Abies pectinata). 



Norway spruce {Picca excelsa). 



European larch {Larix europea). 



Mount Atlas cedar {Cedrus atlantica). 



Scotch pine {Pinus sylvestris). 



Corsican pine {Pinus laricio). 



Austrian pine {Pinus austriaca). 



Pyrenees black pine {Pinus laricio mon- 



speliensis) .^ 

 Aleppo pine {Pinus halepensis). 

 Maritime pine {Pinus pinaster). 

 Swiss stone pine {Pinus cembra). 



* See page 68, Vol. I, Restauration et Conservation des Terrain en Montagues. 



^ Salzmann first published this form as Pinus monspeliensis . Later Dunal published 

 it as Pinus salzmannii, probably not knowing that Salzmann had previously described 

 and published it as P. monspeliensis. Salzmann's name must, of course, have prece- 

 dence over Dunal's P. salzmannii, and this fact would prevent the use of the common 

 name "Salzmann pine." 



