WATEE CATCHMENT AEEAS 195 



relief to any great number of unemployed. It appears that 

 the Bradford Corporation has spent enormous sums of 

 money on the purchase of the land necessary for its exten- 

 sive waterworks, and was not inclined to spend any money 

 whatever on afforestation when this was put forward as a 

 means for solving the difficult problem of unemployment in 

 large towns. A pamphlet entitled " Water Supply, with a 

 Description of the Bradford Waterworks," by J. Watson, 

 was published at Bradford in 1900. See also Proc. Assoc. 

 Municipal and County Engineers, xxiv. 128-132 (1898), 

 and Trans. Inst. Water Engineers, xiii. 126 (1908). A 

 good account of the Bradford Waterworks system, with 

 maps, views, and plans, is given in The Engineer, vol. 119, 

 pp. 251-254 and 278-280 (March 1915). 



Blackburn obtains its water supply from a gathering 

 ground of 6820 acres in Bowland Forest in Yorkshire, 

 comprising the watersheds of the Brennand and Whitendale 

 Streams, tributaries of the river Hodder, at 550 to 1730 

 feet elevation. The Corporation own 153 acres of the 

 area, which is mostly moorland, without any plantations 

 of note. Mr. W. Stubbs, A.M.I.C.E., in Proc. Inst. Civil 

 Engineers, vol. 194, p. 142, with map (1914), states that 

 the geological formation is Millstone Grit, with outcrops of 

 shale and in places of limestone, retaining the water for 

 long periods. The annual rainfall at six different stations 

 averaged for 1887-1912 from 5563 to 71-06 inches. The 

 water is not filtered, and no special measures are taken to 

 prevent contamination on the gathering ground. No scheme 

 of afforestation seems to have been proposed. See Fig. 37. 



Skipton Urban District Council obtains its water supply 

 from a reservoir on Embsay Moor, with a gathering ground 

 of 700 acres, entirely hill pasture and moorland, free from 

 farms and other sources of contamination. The water is not 

 filtered, but, owing to peaty discoloration, the Council are 

 considering the question of filtration. The reservoir on 

 Eombalds Moor, with 207 acres of gathering ground, of 

 which 7 acres are plantations, is no longer used as a supply 



