around the little governors house, where set- 

 tling themselves resolutely down, like a he- 

 sieging army before a fortress, they one and 

 all fell to smoking with a determined persever- 

 ance, that plainly evinced it was their intention 

 to funk him into terms . . . 

 They eventually decided to extinguish their pipes, 

 and promised to use in the future only small, two-inch 

 pipes that would not cause as much irritation as the 

 governor said he had to cope with. But, as Irving noted: 

 Upon the accession of Peter Stuyvesant to the 

 governors chair he replaced the factious cabi- 

 net of William the Testy with counselors from 

 somniferous, respectable families, restored to 

 them the fair, long pipes and admonished them 

 to smoke, eat and sleep for the good of the 

 nation. 



R 



rom New Amsterdara to New York 



Dutch commercialism began to rival Britain so much 

 that increasing difficulties over trade and boundaries 

 were inevitable. British mercantihsm in colonial days 

 was based on rigid monopolies. The Crown allowed no 

 colonial manufacture in any of her holdings. Raw mate- 

 rials were shipped to England for manufacture and 

 finished products later returned as consumer items. 

 Britain tightened the ropes on foreign trade by raising 

 a duty on tobacco that made it too expensive for the 

 colonists to use economically. 



Disputes came to a head and culminated on Sep- 

 tember 8, 1664 when Peter Stuyvesant, director-general, 

 was forced to give up New Amsterdam to an English 

 fleet under the command of Colonel Richard Nicolls. 

 The names New Amsterdam and New Netherlands 



