STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETT. 99 



contain a worm, it is small satisfaction to feel when you get one that 

 you have not only destroyed the possible destroyer of a dozen fruits, 

 but also prevented a manifold increase of these pests. All infested 

 fruit, whether gathered from tree or ground, should be fed as soon as 

 possible to stock, and thus prevent escape. 



In regard to the advantage of sheep and swine in orchards to 

 destroy the fallen fruit, it is evident that if the orchard is isolated it 

 will be benefited in just the ratio of the fallen fruit destroyed, con- 

 taining worms, to that portion from which the worms escaped before 

 falling. 



A trial of these several methods for years has satisfied me that 

 howevei- good any or all of them may be as aids, they are at best but 

 partial remedies, that cannot be depended on for effectually destro3'ing 

 this worst enemy of the apple 



In an article on tins subject two or three years ago, I reluctantly 

 expressed the opinion that a resort to spraying with insecticides was 

 the only effectual remedy. The general success attending this 

 method during the last two 3 ears in the Western iStates, together 

 with limited experiments made by myself, have convinced me beyond 

 a doubt that spraying is the most successful remedj' ^et discovered. 

 The general use of insecticides (poisonous or otherwise) for the de- 

 struction of the codling moth, as well as the canker worm, leaf roller, 

 and various enemies of the apple, opens a wide field for investigation 

 and experiment. I will briefly refer to a few of these. 



Although there are many cases reported among western orchardists 

 of the successful use of London purple, Paris green and white 

 arsenic, there are very conflicting opinions as to the merits and de- 

 merits of each. For instance, London purple is recommended for 

 its solubility in water, the purple color of the water showing plainly 

 where used. On the other hand, it varies so much in strength that 

 it is exceedingly difllcult. as I have found, to determine the strength 

 of the solution of a pound in a given quantity of water, or whether 

 it will injure f(jliage or fruit, without first testing it on a branch. A 

 test may require several days. Owing to the adulteration of Paris 

 green with baryta, the strength of that also is uncertain ; while its 

 great specific gravity necessitates constant stirring, while spraying, in 

 order to apply it evenly. In the use of arsenic (which to be pure 

 must be white, not graj') great <:;are is necessary in handling. To 

 prepare it, take a pound of arsenic and boil rai)idly for an hour in 

 four gallons of water. This should be done in the open air. Care 



