92 STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



and stable manure. This should be applied in the spring-. For 

 plants, select those that have plenty of small, fibrous roots ; one 

 year old plants are best for transplanting in all cases. The canes 

 of all varieties of raspberries and blackberries are biennial, that is, 

 canes are produced one year, fruit the next, and then die ; but the 

 roots may live an indefinite period, as thej' are perrennial. They 

 may be planted from three to four feet apart, and with the stronger 

 growing varieties of blackberries, six or eight feet between the 

 rows. The canes should be cut down to within a foot of the 

 ground, and weakly plants even down to the crown. Planting in 

 rows and then restricting the plants to hills or stools by persistent 

 pruning, is recommended as the best method. 



The old wood should be cut away as soon as the fruit season is 

 over, and the canes shortened — of the blackberry — to four or five 

 feet, and the laterals to a foot or eighteen inches. With raspber- 

 ries, shorten the canes about one-third their length. The usual 

 way of training is simply to tie the canes together around a stake 

 set in the ground. They are tied about a foot and a half from the 

 ground, so as to give the top a chance to spread. Another method 

 is to set two parellel rows of stakes, stretching wire or tarred rope 

 along each row. 



Of the varieties of raspberries suitable for our climate, the Clarke 

 comes first on the list. The Red Antwerp and Faatolf are old and 

 tried varieties. The Philadelphia and Franconia are well spoken of. 



Of blackberries, the Dorcheder, Kitialinny and Sable Queen are 

 good varieties. The Dorchester is one of the oldest sorts, and for 

 hardiness and bearing qualities has few equals. The Sable Queen 

 is comparatively a new variety, and one we think worthy of culti- 

 vation. • 



A few words in general upon this subject, in closing. Success 

 in raising small fruits for market depends upon wide observation 

 and a sound judgment. Each cultivator will have to learn a great 

 deal for himself. No written essay or book rules can be taken for 

 a sure guide for all conditions of soil, localities and climates. Ex- 

 perience is needed in all these things, and then thinking you are 

 right, go ahead ; and if you run against a snag, back up and get a 

 better hitch and try again. In the matter of inducing to the prac- 

 tice of raising more fruit for family use, 1 don't believe there is 

 any danger of overdoing the business. Fruits for the family will 

 always pay. 



But this paper is already too extended, and in closing I will add 



