590 APPENDIX. 



that the conductor should collect fare on trains from passengers without tickets 

 by adding twenty -five cents to single-trip rates, held that it was not unjust dis- 

 crimination against the complainant to exact this addition from him. 



433. When questions involve the reasonableness of rates upon the transpor- 

 tation of cotton from the southern states by all rail lines to northern and eastern 

 mills and Atlantic ports upon through rates and a long haul, on the one hand, 

 and, on the other, the local rates of rail carriers to a near port upon a short 

 haul at which their service terminates, they having no associated line of steam- 

 ships for a continuous carriage to ultimate destination, but the cotton so carried 

 by them to such near port being chiefly for export, and all such rail lines pene- 

 trating the same territory and competing for the same business, running north, 

 south, and east in opposite directions, such questions can only be disposed of on 

 broad lines and not from narrow considerations. 



434. In considering such questions thus presented, the circumstances and 

 conditions surrounding the traffic in the respective services performed in its 

 carriage by the rail carriers may be, and in these proceedings are found to be, 

 substantially dissimilar and wholly unlike. 



438. In solving questions of this character the Commission will look at and 

 consider every fact, circumstance, and condition surrounding the traffic and of 

 theservice performed in its transportation, and if the competition of water carriers 

 at any point is such as to be large, active, and of controlling force, the all-rail 

 lines competing for the traffic at the same point may make rates that are reason- 

 able and just in view of such competition, and which will enable them to 

 participate in the carriage of the traffic, and are not obliged to go out of the 

 business and leave it as a monopoly to water carriers. 



452 Where a common carrier subject to the act to regulate commerce has 

 established and published its schedule of rates and charges for a station on its 

 line free cartage furnished by the carrier for the collection and delivery of 

 freight carried on its road to or from such stations operates as a reduction or 

 rebate from the schedule charge and is unlawful. If free cartage at a station 

 has the effect to reduce a rate below the charge at another station nearer the 

 point of shipment it is unlawful as a less charge for a longer distance over the 

 same line and in the same direction, the less being included within the greater. 



458. Where a carrier by its published general traffic charges the general 

 public from and to all points upon a large portion of its lines certain rates upon 

 a class of freight, and at the same time publishes and puts into force a special 

 tariff by which it charges a class of persons named, from and to the same points 

 on its lines less than one-half in amount of the rates on the same class of freight 

 that it charges the general public in its general tariffs, such a discrimination is 

 unjust and i's violative of the act to regulate commerce. 



459. Such a discrimination can not be sustained upon the ground that the 

 specialtariff is made to aid " emigrants " in moving from one state to another 

 where land is cheap, and to develop a sparsely settled country, and to build up 

 business along the carrier's lines, and upon the supposition that this constitutes 

 substantially dissimilar circumstances and conditions to what exists when 

 similar services are rendered by the carrier for the general public. 



465. In arranging the classification of articles of commerce their market 

 value and the shipper's representations to the public as to their character may 

 properly be taken into account in ascertaining the analogy they bear to other 

 articles, and determining the class to which they justly belong. This is espe- 

 cially applicable to articles in which there is no free competition among producers 

 and shippers. And carriers are not required to estimate the intrinsic value of 

 freight as distinguished from its commercial value for purposes of classification 

 and rates. ... 



466. The volume of traffic supplied by an article for transportation is also 

 an element that may be considered in its classificatiim, as a basis for rates that 

 arc reasonable both "for carriers and shippers. 



468. A lower charge for a longer distance for transportation of like trathc 

 important in amount; and among the circumstances and conditions that may 



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